英文 - 考试分类 - 正風學習中心

The AI hype is masking deeper risks

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. AI boom - 人工智慧熱潮：名詞短語，指AI技術快速發展、市場熱度高漲的階段，常用搭配ride the AI boom（趕上AI熱潮）、fuel the AI boom（助推AI熱潮），boom強調「爆髮式增長」。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. Bubble - 泡沫：名詞，比喻義指市場價值脫離真實價值的虛高狀態，搭配tech bubble（科技泡沫）、burst a bubble（戳破泡沫），此處特指AI領域的投資泡沫。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. Hype - 炒作；大肆宣傳（名詞/動詞）：名詞搭配media hype（媒體炒作）、cut through the hype（撇開炒作看本質）；動詞搭配hype up AI products（炒作AI產品），強調誇大性宣傳。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. Overvaluation - 估值過高：名詞，由「over-（過度）+ valuation（估值）」構成，常用搭配overvaluation of tech stocks（科技股估值過高），反義表達undervaluation（估值過低）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5. Tech startup - 科技初創企業：固定短語，指從事科技研發的新興公司，搭配AI tech startup（人工智慧科技初創企業）、fund a tech startup（投資科技初創企業）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6. Speculation - 投機；猜測：名詞，此處特指基於市場熱度而非真實業績的投資行為，搭配speculation in AI stocks（AI股投機）、speculative investment（投機性投資），語域正式。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7. Burst - 破裂；爆發（動詞/名詞）：動詞搭配a bubble bursts（泡沫破裂）、burst a speculation bubble（戳破投機泡沫）；名詞搭配a burst of enthusiasm（一陣熱情），核心用於描述泡沫、情緒等的突然終止。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8. Funding - 資金支持；融資：名詞，指企業獲得的投資資金，搭配venture funding（風險投資）、secure funding（獲得融資）、cut funding（削減資金），是初創企業的關鍵生存要素。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9. Profitability - 盈利能力：名詞，指企業獲取利潤的能力，搭配lack profitability（缺乏盈利能力）、improve profitability（提升盈利能力），派生詞profitable（形容詞，盈利的）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10. Disillusionment - 幻滅；醒悟：名詞，指對曾經追捧的事物失去信心，搭配public disillusionment（公眾幻滅）、disillusionment with AI（對AI的幻滅），派生詞disillusion（動詞）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">11. Sustainable - 可持續的；可長久的：形容詞，修飾發展、商業模式等，搭配sustainable growth（可持續增長）、sustainable business model（可持續商業模式），區分於short-term（短期的）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">12. Hype cycle - 炒作週期：固定短語，指新技術從興起到成熟的「期望膨脹—幻滅低谷—價值回歸」階段，搭配AI hype cycle（AI炒作週期）、go through the hype cycle（經歷炒作週期）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">13. Exaggerated - 誇大的；言過其實的：形容詞，修飾宣傳、效果等，搭配exaggerated claims（誇大的說法）、exaggerated expectations（過高的期望），反義詞realistic（現實的）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">14. Venture capital - 風險投資：固定短語，指投向高風險、高潛力初創企業的資金，搭配venture capital investment（風險投資）、attract venture capital（吸引風險投資）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">15. Valuation - 估值：名詞，指企業或資產的市場價值，搭配company valuation（企業估值）、market valuation（市場估值），區分於price（價格），強調「評估出的價值」。

2025-12-23 困难

Amber warnings in place as cold blast continues

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. Cold snap - 寒潮；驟寒：固定短語，指短期內氣溫急劇下降的天氣現象，搭配experience a cold snap（遭遇寒潮）、brave the cold snap（抵禦寒潮），區分於long-term cold（長期寒冷）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. Arctic - 北極的；極寒的：形容詞，用於描述極端寒冷的天氣或與北極相關的事物，搭配Arctic winds（北極風）、Arctic temperatures（極寒氣溫），語域生動且精確。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. Freezing - 冰凍的；極冷的（形容詞/動詞）：形容詞搭配freezing temperatures（冰點以下氣溫）、freezing winds（凜冽寒風）；動詞搭配water freezes（水結冰），比cold語氣更強。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. Blizzard - 暴風雪：名詞，指伴有強風和大量降雪的惡劣天氣，搭配be hit by a blizzard（遭遇暴風雪）、blizzard warnings（暴風雪警報），區分於snowstorm（普通暴風雪，強度較弱）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5. Frost - 霜；結霜（名詞/動詞）：名詞搭配heavy frost（濃霜）、frost damage（霜凍損害）；動詞搭配pipes frost（水管結霜），常用於描述低溫導致的結霜現象。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6. Hypothermia - 體溫過低：名詞，醫學術語，指人體溫度降至危險水平，搭配suffer from hypothermia（患上體溫過低）、prevent hypothermia（預防體溫過低），是寒潮天氣的健康風險之一。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7. Disruption - 中斷；擾亂：名詞，指天氣導致的交通、生活秩序混亂，搭配travel disruption（交通中斷）、disruption to daily life（日常生活受擾），派生詞disrupt（動詞）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8. Gritting - 鋪沙撒鹽（防滑）：名詞，特指道路鋪沙或撒鹽以防止結冰，搭配road gritting（道路防滑鋪撒）、gritting trucks（防滑撒鹽車），是寒潮天氣的常見應對措施。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9. Wintry - 冬天的；寒冷的：形容詞，強調具有冬天的特徵，搭配wintry conditions（寒冬天氣）、wintry showers（冬季陣雨/雪），語域中性且常用。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10. Chill - 寒意；使發冷（名詞/動詞）：名詞搭配a sharp chill（刺骨寒意）、feel a chill（感到寒意）；動詞搭配chill to the bone（凍得刺骨），侧重主觀感受的寒冷。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">11. Severe - 嚴重的；劇烈的：形容詞，修飾天氣、災害等，搭配severe cold（嚴寒）、severe weather warnings（惡劣天氣警報），強調程度嚴重。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">12. Alert - 警報；發出警報（名詞/動詞）：名詞搭配weather alert（天氣警報）、issue an alert（發布警報）；動詞搭配alert the public（提醒公眾），用於天氣風險預警。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">13. Icy - 冰狀的；結冰的：形容詞，搭配icy roads（結冰路面）、icy winds（凜冽寒風），直觀描述物體表面結冰或風的寒冷程度。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">14. Brace for - 準備應對（困難）：短語動詞，指為即將到來的惡劣情況做準備，搭配brace for the cold snap（準備應對寒潮）、brace for disruption（準備應對中斷），語域口語化且實用。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">15. Sub-zero - 零下的：形容詞，特指溫度低於零度，搭配sub-zero temperatures（零下氣溫）、sub-zero conditions（零下環境），是描述低溫的標準表達。

2025-12-23 困难

Covid19 Inquiry:UK did too little ,too late

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. Covid-19 inquiry - 新冠疫情調查：固定短語，inquiry特指「官方調查」，語域正式，搭配launch a Covid-19 inquiry（啟動新冠疫情調查）、present findings of the inquiry（發布調查結果）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. Pandemic - 大流行（疾病）：名詞，指在全球範圍內廣泛傳播的傳染病，區分於epidemic（地區性流行病），常用搭配during the pandemic（在疫情期間）、combat the pandemic（對抗疫情）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. Public health - 公共衛生：固定短語，指與公眾健康相關的領域，搭配public health measures（公共衛生措施）、protect public health（保護公共衛生）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. Lockdown - 封鎖；封城：名詞，指為控制疫情實施的限制人員流動措施，搭配impose a lockdown（實施封鎖）、lift a lockdown（解除封鎖）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5. Shortcoming - 缺點；不足：名詞，強調系統、政策等存在的缺陷，搭配address shortcomings（解決不足）、expose shortcomings（暴露缺點），不同於weakness（側重個人弱點）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6. Response - 回應；應對：名詞，常用搭配response to the pandemic（疫情應對）、take quick response（迅速回應），派生詞respond（動詞）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7. Delay - 延遲；耽擱（名詞/動詞）：名詞搭配a delay in action（行動延遲），動詞搭配delay making a decision（延遲做決定），語域中性，用於描述政策或行動的滯後。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8. Vulnerable group - 弱勢群體：固定短語，指易受疫情影響的群體（如老人、病患），搭配protect vulnerable groups（保護弱勢群體）、support vulnerable groups（支援弱勢群體）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9. Mitigate - 減輕；緩和：動詞，強調降低風險或傷害的程度，搭配mitigate the impact of the pandemic（減輕疫情影響）、mitigate risks（降低風險），語域正式，多用於公共衛生領域。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10. Inadequate - 不足的；不夠的：形容詞，修飾資源、準備等，搭配inadequate preparation（準備不足）、inadequate funding（資金不足），反義詞adequate（足夠的）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">11. Transmission - 傳播：名詞，特指疾病的傳播，搭配virus transmission（病毒傳播）、prevent transmission（預防傳播），派生詞transmit（動詞）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">12. Policy-making - 政策制訂：名詞，復合詞結構，指制訂政策的過程或行為，搭配government policy-making（政府政策制訂）、improve policy-making（完善政策制訂）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">13. Accountable - 負責任的：形容詞，常用搭配be accountable for（對……負責），語域正式，用於強調機構或個人的責任，例：The government is accountable for its pandemic response. <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">14. Surge - 激增；暴漲（名詞/動詞）：名詞搭配a surge in cases（病例激增），動詞搭配cases surge（病例激增），用於描述疫情數據的突然上升。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">15. Lessons learned - 經驗教訓：固定短語，指從事件中總結的可借鑒經驗，搭配draw lessons learned（總結經驗教訓）、apply lessons learned（運用經驗教訓）。

2025-12-23 困难

AI backlash: handwritten and oral exams comes back

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. Handwriting - 手寫：名詞，指書寫的動作或字跡，常用搭配practice handwriting（練習手寫）、neat handwriting（工整的字跡），對應digital writing（數字書寫）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. Oral exam - 口試：固定短語，指通過口頭表達考核知識的考試，同義表達oral test，搭配take an oral exam（參加口試）、pass the oral exam（通過口試）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. Counteract - 抵銷；對抗：動詞，強調採取措施抵消負面影響，搭配counteract the impact of（抵銷……的影響），語域正式，多用於教育、政策領域。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. Over-reliance - 過度依賴：名詞，由「over-（過度）+ reliance（依賴）」構成，常用搭配over-reliance on sth（對……的過度依賴），反義表達self-reliance（自立）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5. Artificial intelligence (AI) - 人工智慧：固定縮寫短語，指模擬人類智慧的技術，常用搭配AI tools（人工智慧工具）、AI-generated content（人工智慧生成內容）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6. Revive - 復興；恢復：動詞，指重新推行或恢復原有事物，搭配revive traditional practices（復興傳統做法）、revive interest in（重新喚起對……的興趣），此處特指恢復手寫和口試。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7. Classroom instruction - 課堂教學：固定短語，指課堂內的教學活動，搭配reform classroom instruction（改革課堂教學）、improve classroom instruction（提升課堂教學質量）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8. Critical thinking - 批判性思維：核心短語，指獨立分析、評判的思維能力，常用搭配develop critical thinking（培養批判性思維）、apply critical thinking（運用批判性思維）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9. Authentic - 真實的；原創的：形容詞，強調非機器生成、真實可靠，搭配authentic work（原創作品）、authentic expression（真實表達），對比AI-generated（人工智慧生成的）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10. Deterioration - 惡化；衰退：名詞，指能力、狀況的下降，搭配deterioration of skills（技能衰退）、prevent deterioration（防止惡化），派生詞deteriorate（動詞）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">11. Literacy - 識字能力；文化素養：名詞，此處特指書寫和語言運用能力，搭配basic literacy（基礎識字能力）、digital literacy（數位素養），對應illiteracy（文盲）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">12. Implement - 實施；執行：動詞，指落實政策、計劃等，搭配implement policies（實施政策）、implement measures（執行措施），語域正式，多用於教育、管理領域。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">13. Compensate for - 彌補；補償：短語動詞，指彌補不足或損失，搭配compensate for the lack of（彌補……的缺失），區分於counteract（強調「對抗負面影響」）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">14. Cognitive skills - 認知能力：固定短語，指大腦的思維、記憶、理解等能力，搭配enhance cognitive skills（提升認知能力）、develop cognitive skills（培養認知能力）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">15. Advocate - 提倡；主張（動詞）；提倡者（名詞）：動詞用法搭配advocate doing sth（提倡做某事），名詞用法搭配an advocate of（……的提倡者），此處指支持恢復手寫和口試的人。<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">

2025-12-23 困难

World-First Gene Therapy Shows Remarkable Success

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. Gene therapy - 基因治療：名詞短語，指通過修復或替換異常基因治療疾病，常用搭配為undergo gene therapy（接受基因治療）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. Rare genetic disorder - 罕見遺傳病：固定搭配，disorder強調「功能紊亂類疾病」，不同於disease（泛指疾病）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. Breakthrough - 突破：名詞，可搭配make a breakthrough（取得突破），語域正式，多用於科技、醫學領域。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. Mutation - 突變：名詞，特指基因突變，屬醫學專業術語，派生詞為動詞mutate。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5. Treat - 治療；對待：動詞，此處取「治療」義，與cure（治愈）有區分，treat強調治療過程，cure強調治愈結果。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6. Clinical trial - 臨床試驗：固定短語，醫學領域標準表達，指藥物或療法的人體試驗階段。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7. Inherit - 遺傳；繼承：動詞，遺傳義常用搭配inherit a disease（遺傳疾病），繼承義搭配inherit property（繼承財產）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8. Defective gene - 缺陷基因：defective為形容詞（有缺陷的），不同於flawed（帶有缺點的，用於非生物領域）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9. Restore - 恢復；修復：動詞，常用搭配restore function（恢復功能），語域正式，適用於醫學、工程領域。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10. Milestone - 里程碑；重要事件：名詞，用於比喻某領域的關鍵進展，搭配a milestone in sth（某領域的里程碑）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">11. Administer - 給予；實施：動詞，醫學領域中表示「給予藥物/治療」，搭配administer a treatment（實施治療）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">12. Efficacy - 功效；有效性：名詞，正式用語，強調治療或藥物的實際效果，不同於effectiveness（泛指有效性）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">13. Symptom - 癥狀：名詞，常用搭配有show symptoms（出現癥狀）、relieve symptoms（緩解癥狀）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">14. Chronic - 慢性的：形容詞，與acute（急性的）相對，用於描述疾病病程，如chronic illness（慢性病）。 <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">15. Pioneering - 開創性的；先驅的：形容詞，用於修飾研究、療法等，強調「首創性」，搭配pioneering research（開創性研究）。<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arimo, sans-serif; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">

2025-12-23 困难

What causes insomnia?

1. Insomniao English Definition: A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep,staying asleep, or getting quality sleep, which persists over time and affectsdaily life.o Sentence in Context: &quot;This seemingly unsolvable cycle is the core ofinsomnia, the world’s most common sleep disorder.&quot; 2. Temporaryo English Definition: Lasting for only a short period of time; not permanent.o Sentence in Context: &quot;This stress is temporary because its cause will soon beresolved.&quot;3. Chronico English Definition: (Of a disease or condition) persisting for a long time orconstantly recurring; long-term.o Sentence in Context: &quot;When these cycles of stress and anxiety last formonths, they are diagnosed as chronic insomnia.&quot; 4. Biological clocko English Definition: An internal mechanism in living organisms that regulatesphysiological processes (such as sleep-wake cycles) on a roughly 24-hourschedule.o Sentence in Context: &quot;Jet lag disrupts your biological clock and upsets yoursleep schedule.&quot; 5. Metabolismo English Definition: The chemical processes that occur within a livingorganism to maintain life, including the conversion of food into energy.o Sentence in Context: &quot;Regulate your metabolism by setting consistentbedtimes and wake-up times.&quot; 6. Cortisolo English Definition: A hormone produced by the adrenal glands, released inresponse to stress, which increases blood sugar levels and helps the bodycope with pressure.o Sentence in Context: &quot;Cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone flowthrough the bloodstream, increasing heart rate and blood pressure.&quot; 7. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) o English Definition: A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland thatstimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol and other stress-relatedhormones.o Sentence in Context: &quot;Their brains hijack the stress response system,flooding the body with fight-or-flight chemicals—cortisol andadrenocorticotropic hormone.&quot; 8. Hyperarousalo English Definition: A state of increased physiological or psychologicaltension, marked by heightened alertness, rapid heart rate, and difficultyrelaxing.o Sentence in Context: &quot;Ensuring your bedroom is dark, comfortable, and coolreduces threats during periods of hyperarousal.&quot; 9. Brain glucoseo English Definition: A type of sugar that serves as the primary source ofenergy for brain cells.o Sentence in Context: &quot;During healthy sleep, our metabolism slows toconserve brain glucose for when we’re awake.&quot; 10. Epinephrineo English Definition: A hormone (also called adrenaline) that triggers thebody’s &quot;fight-or-flight&quot; response, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, andenergy levels.o Sentence in Context: &quot;Pet studies show that epinephrine— which keepsinsomniacs awake—also speeds up their metabolism.&quot; 11. Sleep deprivationo English Definition: The condition of not getting enough sleep, leading tofatigue, impaired concentration, and other health issues.o Sentence in Context: &quot;Almost anything can cause occasional insomnia: asnoring partner, physical pain, emotional stress, and extreme sleepdeprivation.&quot; 12. Jet lago English Definition: A temporary disruption of the body’s biological clockcaused by traveling across multiple time zones, resulting in fatigue,insomnia, or daytime sleepiness.o Sentence in Context: &quot;Jet lag disrupts your biological clock and upsets yoursleep schedule.&quot; 13. Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder (DSPD)o English Definition: A chronic sleep disorder where a person’s biological clockis significantly delayed (longer than 24 hours), making it hard to fall asleep at typical bedtime and wake up in the morning.o Sentence in Context: &quot;About 8% of patients diagnosed with chronicinsomnia are actually suffering from a rarer genetic issue called DelayedSleep Phase Disorder, or DSPD.&quot; 14. Genetico English Definition: Relating to genes or heredity (the passing of traits fromparents to offspring).o Sentence in Context: &quot;About 8% of patients diagnosed with chronicinsomnia are actually suffering from a rarer genetic issue called DelayedSleep Phase Disorder.&quot; 15. Anxietyo English Definition: A feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease aboutsomething with an uncertain outcome; a mental health condition marked bypersistent anxiety.o Sentence in Context: &quot;Its chemical mechanisms are similar to the anxietyattacks experienced by people with depression and anxiety.&quot; 16. Depressiono English Definition: A mood disorder characterized by persistent sadness,loss of interest in activities, and feelings of hopelessness, which can affectsleep, appetite, and energy.o Sentence in Context: &quot;Its chemical mechanisms are similar to the anxietyattacks experienced by people with depression and anxiety.&quot; 17. Withdrawalo English Definition: The set of physical or psychological symptoms that occurwhen a person stops using an addictive substance (such as certain sleepingpills).o Sentence in Context: &quot;Over-the-counter sleeping pills can be highlyaddictive, leading to withdrawal that worsens symptoms.&quot; 18. Over-the-counter (OTC)o English Definition: (Of medications) available for purchase without adoctor’s prescription.o Sentence in Context: &quot;Over-the-counter sleeping pills can be highlyaddictive, leading to withdrawal that worsens symptoms.&quot; 19. Meditationo English Definition: A practice of focusing one’s mind on a particular object,thought, or activity to achieve a state of calmness and mental clarity.o Sentence in Context: &quot;If you feel restless, leave the room and tire yourself out with relaxing activities like reading, meditation, or journaling.&quot; 20. Diagnoseo English Definition: To identify a disease or condition in a person byexamining their symptoms, medical history, or test results.o Sentence in Context: &quot;When these cycles of stress and anxiety last formonths, they are diagnosed as chronic insomnia.&quot;

2025-12-23 困难

From stealth to jet propulsion – How squid became ocean survival champions

1. Cephalopodo Definition: A group of marine animals that includes squids, octopuses,cuttlefish, and nautiluses, characterized by a prominent head, tentacles, andthe ability to change color.o Sentence: These creatures belong to a group of animals called cephalopods,and there are about 500 species of squids worldwide. 2. Predatoro Definition: An animal that hunts, kills, and eats other animals for food.o Sentence: Squids are reliable food sources for whales, dolphins, sharks,seabirds, fish, and even other squids—all of which are their naturalpredators. 3. Preyo Definition: An animal that is hunted, killed, and eaten by another animal (apredator).o Sentence: Even though squids are fearsome predators themselves, theyoften become prey for larger marine animals like sperm whales. 4. Adaptationo Definition: A physical feature or behavior that helps an organism survive andreproduce in its environment, developed through evolution.o Sentence: The most remarkable adaptations of squids are those that haveevolved to help them fight against predators. 5. Pigment Cello Definition: A specialized cell in an animal’s skin that contains coloredsubstances (pigments) and controls color changes for camouflage orcommunication.o Sentence: A squid’s skin contains thousands of small organs called pigmentcells, each made of black, brown, red, or yellow pigment and ring-shapedmuscles.6. Pigmento Definition: A natural colored substance that gives color to skin, hair, or othertissues in living organisms.o Sentence: When the muscles of a pigment cell contract, the pigment’s coloris exposed to help the squid blend in. 7. Reflective Cell o Definition: A cell located beneath pigment cells that reflects light from thesurrounding environment, helping an animal match its background.o Sentence: Reflective cells under the pigment cells reflect the squid’ssurroundings, allowing it to 融入 (blend into) its environment seamlessly. 8. Axono Definition: A long, thin fiber that carries electrical signals from the nerve cell(neuron) to other cells in the body, such as muscles or other neurons.o Sentence: Each of these hair cells is connected to an axon of the nervoussystem, which sends signals to the squid’s brain when water movement isdetected.9. Nervous Systemo Definition: A network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits signalsbetween different parts of an animal’s body, controlling its actions andresponses.o Sentence: Every single pigment cell is under the individual control of thesquid’s nervous system, letting it adjust its skin color quickly. 10. Camouflageo Definition: A way an animal’s appearance or behavior helps it blend into itsenvironment, making it hard for predators or prey to see.o Sentence: Upon recognizing a threat, the squid can use camouflage to hidefrom predators by changing its skin color and pattern. 11. Ink Saco Definition: An organ in squids, octopuses, and cuttlefish that produces andstores ink, used as a defense to confuse predators.o Sentence: The first ace up the squid’s sleeve involves ink produced in its inksac, which it sprays to create a smokescreen. 12. Melanino Definition: A dark brown or black pigment found in skin, hair, and ink ofanimals, responsible for dark colors.o Sentence: Squid ink is mainly composed of mucus and melanin, which givesit its dark color to obscure predators’ vision. 13. Decoyo Definition: An object or shape that looks like something else, used to distractor trick predators into attacking the wrong target.o Sentence: Sometimes, squids spray ink into a blob that roughly mimics theirsize and shape—a decoy called a pseudomorph—to fool predators. 14. Pseudomorph o Definition: A false form or shape (like an ink blob from a squid) that imitatesthe animal’s appearance, used as a defense to confuse predators.o Sentence: This creates a phantom form called a pseudomorph, tricking thepredator into thinking it is the real squid. 15. Jet Propulsiono Definition: A method of movement where an animal forces a stream ofwater (or other fluid) out of its body to push itself forward, used by squidsand octopuses.o Sentence: As a last resort, the squid relies on jet propulsion to escape itshunters, reaching speeds of up to 2.5 miles per hour. 16. Invertebrateo Definition: An animal that does not have a backbone or spinal column (e.g.,squids, insects, worms, jellyfish).o Sentence: This speed makes squids some of the fastest invertebrates onEarth, even without a backbone to support their movement. 17. Echolocationo Definition: A method used by some animals (like whales, dolphins, and bats)to find objects by emitting sound waves and listening for the echoes thatbounce back.o Sentence: Sperm whales use echolocation to hunt these squids for food,even in the dark depths of the ocean. 18. Mucuso Definition: A thick, slippery substance produced by glands in animals, usedfor protection, lubrication, or (in squids) to make ink sticky.o Sentence: Squid ink is mainly made of mucus and melanin—the mucus helpsthe ink hold its shape when sprayed into water. 19. Phantomo Definition: Something that looks real but is not, an illusion or ghost-likeimage.o Sentence: The ink blob creates a phantom form that distracts the predator,giving the squid time to swim away. 20. Habitato Definition: The natural environment where an animal or plant lives andgrows, providing it with food, water, and shelter.o Sentence: Squids that mainly live in estuaries, deep seas, and open-waterhabitats usually swim in groups to stay safe.

2025-12-23 困难

How teeth evolved?

1. Repairo Definition: To fix something that is broken, damaged, or not workingproperly.o Sentence: My phone screen cracked yesterday, so I need to take it to a shopto repair it this weekend. 2. Damageo Definition: Harm or injury that makes something less useful, valuable, orable to work.o Sentence: Heavy rain caused damage to the old roof, and now water leaksinto the living room when it rains. 3. Produceo Definition: To make or create something, especially goods, food, or naturalsubstances.o Sentence: This small farm produces fresh vegetables every summer and sellsthem at the local market. 4. Activeo Definition: Still working, functioning, or doing things; not stopped orinactive.o Sentence: My grandfather is 70 years old but still active—he goes for a walkevery morning and gardens on weekends. 5. Resisto Definition: To fight against something or someone; to not be affected bysomething.o Sentence: This new fabric resists water, so you won’t get wet if you wearthis jacket in light rain. 6. Shattero Definition: To break suddenly into many small pieces, usually because of ahard hit.o Sentence: Be careful with that glass bowl—it will shatter if you drop it onthe stone floor. 7. Scratcho Definition: To make a thin, shallow mark on the surface of something with asharp object. o Sentence: My cat scratched the wooden table with its claws, leaving smallmarks on the surface. 8. Traceo Definition: To find the origin or development of something; to show thatsomething comes from a particular source.o Sentence: Scientists can trace this ancient tradition back to a small village inthe north of the country. 9. Adapto Definition: To change your behavior or something’s form to fit newconditions or needs.o Sentence: Animals in the desert have adapted to the hot weather bysleeping during the day and moving at night. 10. Sharpo Definition: Having a thin edge or point that can cut or pierce things easily;not dull.o Sentence: This knife is too dull to cut vegetables—can you help me make itsharp again? 11. Idealo Definition: Perfect for a particular purpose or situation.o Sentence: This quiet park is an ideal place to read a book on a sunnyafternoon. 12. Tinyo Definition: Very small in size or amount.o Sentence: There are tiny insects on the leaves of the plant—you need amagnifying glass to see them clearly. 13. Widtho Definition: The measurement of how wide something is, from one side tothe other.o Sentence: The width of this table is 1 meter, so it can fit easily in the cornerof the room. 14. Surviveo Definition: To continue to live or exist, especially after a difficult ordangerous situation.o Sentence: The little bird fell from its nest but managed to survive with thehelp of a kind neighbor. 15. Unique o Definition: Being the only one of its kind; unlike anything else.o Sentence: Each person has a unique fingerprint—no two people in the worldhave the same one. 16. Evidenceo Definition: Facts, signs, or objects that show that something is true or hashappened.o Sentence: The police found footprints near the door, which was evidencethat someone had broken into the house. 17. Returno Definition: To go back to a place where you were before; to give somethingback to its owner.o Sentence: I will return this book to the library tomorrow because it’s duetoday.18. Crusho Definition: To press something hard so that it breaks or becomes flat; tomake something into small pieces.o Sentence: Can you crush these cookies into small bits? I want to use them tomake a cake topping. 19. Diverseo Definition: Having many different types of people or things.o Sentence: The city has a diverse population—people from over 50 countrieslive here.20. Supporto Definition: To help someone or something by giving money, time, or effort;to agree with and encourage an idea.o Sentence: My family always supports my dreams—they helped me savemoney to go to art school.

2025-12-23 困难

How does our digestive system work?

1. Digestive systemo Definition: The group of organs in the body that work together to breakdown food into nutrients and energy, and eliminate waste.o Sentence: The video clearly explains how each part of the digestive systemcontributes to processing the food we eat. 2. Organo Definition: A part of the body (such as the heart, liver, or stomach) that hasa specific structure and performs a particular function to keep the bodyworking.o Sentence: The digestive system consists of 10 key organs, including thestomach and intestines. 3. Specialized cello Definition: A type of cell that has a unique structure and function, adaptedto carry out specific tasks in the body (e.g., cells that secrete enzymes).o Sentence: The digestive system contains over 20 types of specialized cells,each designed for roles like breaking down food molecules. 4. Nutriento Definition: A substance (such as protein, carbohydrate, or vitamin) in foodthat is necessary for the body’s growth, repair, and energy production.o Sentence: The main job of the digestive system is to turn food into nutrientsthat can be absorbed by the body. 5. Glando Definition: An organ in the body that produces and releases substances (likesaliva, hormones, or enzymes) for specific purposes.o Sentence: When we anticipate delicious food, glands in the mouth startsecreting saliva to prepare for digestion. 6. Salivao Definition: The watery liquid produced by glands in the mouth that helpsmoisten food, start breaking down starches, and make swallowing easier.o Sentence: Humans produce about 1.5 liters of saliva every day, which plays avital role in the initial stage of digestion. 7. Esophaguso Definition: The narrow tube that connects the mouth to the stomach, through which food travels after being swallowed.o Sentence: After chewing, the food moves down the 2.5-centimeter-longesophagus into the stomach. 8. Peristalsiso Definition: A series of wave-like muscle contractions that push food, liquids,or waste through the digestive tract (especially the esophagus andintestines).o Sentence: Nerves around the esophagus sense the food bolus and triggerperistalsis to move it toward the stomach. 9. Muscle contractiono Definition: The process where muscle fibers shorten or tighten to createmovement (e.g., pushing food through the digestive system).o Sentence: Peristalsis relies on coordinated muscle contractions to ensurefood does not get stuck in the esophagus. 10. Enzymeo Definition: A protein produced by the body that speeds up chemicalreactions (e.g., breaking down starches, proteins, or fats in food).o Sentence: Enzymes in saliva start breaking down starches in food as soon asit enters the mouth. 11. Hormoneo Definition: A chemical substance produced by glands in the body that travelsthrough the blood to regulate specific functions (e.g., digestion, growth).o Sentence: Hormones secreted on the surface of the food bolus trigger therelease of acid in the stomach and prepare other organs for digestion. 12. Pancreaso Definition: A gland located behind the stomach that produces digestiveenzymes and hormones (like insulin) to regulate blood sugar and breakdown food.o Sentence: The pancreas, along with the liver and gallbladder, producesdigestive fluids that help break down fats and proteins. 13. Gallbladdero Definition: A small organ under the liver that stores bile (a liquid that helpsdigest fats) and releases it into the small intestine when needed.o Sentence: The liver sends bile to the gallbladder, which then secretes it intothe duodenum to dissolve fats. 14. Bile o Definition: A yellow-green liquid produced by the liver (stored in thegallbladder) that helps break down fats in the small intestine.o Sentence: Bile plays a key role in digestion by dissolving floating fats so theycan be easily broken down by enzymes. 15. Small intestineo Definition: The long, narrow tube (after the stomach) where most digestionand absorption of nutrients (from food) takes place.o Sentence: The small intestine is the main site of digestion, where fats,proteins, and carbohydrates are broken down into absorbable molecules. 16. Duodenumo Definition: The first part of the small intestine (connected to the stomach)where bile and digestive enzymes mix with food to start breaking down fatsand proteins.o Sentence: The gallbladder secretes bile into the duodenum, where it workswith pancreatic fluids to digest fats. 17. Villio Definition: Tiny, finger-like projections lining the inside of the small intestinethat increase the surface area for absorbing nutrients into the blood.o Sentence: The small intestine’s villi create a large surface area (30-40 squaremeters) to maximize the absorption of nutrients. 18. Colon (Large intestine)o Definition: The long, thick tube (after the small intestine) that absorbs waterfrom undigested food and forms waste (feces) to be eliminated.o Sentence: Fiber, water, and dead cells from digestion move into the colon,where most remaining liquid is removed. 19. Feceso Definition: The solid waste product of digestion that is formed in the colonand eliminated from the body through the anus.o Sentence: After water is absorbed in the colon, the remaining materialbecomes feces, which is stored in the rectum until elimination. 20. Rectumo Definition: The last part of the large intestine (before the anus) that storesfeces until the body is ready to eliminate waste.o Sentence: Nerves in the rectum sense when it is expanding with feces andsignal the body that it is time to expel waste.

2025-12-23 困难

How do fish generate electricity?

1. Explorero Definition: (n.) A person who travels to new/unknown places to learnabout them.o Sentence: In 1800, the explorer Alexander von Humboldt saw electric eelsjump out of the water. 2. Witnessedo Definition: (v.) Saw something happen with one’s own eyes.o Sentence: Humboldt witnessed electric eels leaping to protect themselvesfrom running horses. 3. Unusualo Definition: (adj.) Not common; different from what usually happens.o Sentence: Most people thought Humboldt’s story about eels was toounusual to be true. 4. Rareo Definition: (adj.) Not happening often; uncommon.o Sentence: Using electricity to stun prey is a rare ability in electric fish.5. Specieso Definition: (n.) A group of similar animals/plants that can have babiestogether.o Sentence: Nearly 350 species of fish can make and sense electric signals.6. Divideo Definition: (v.) To split something into different groups.o Sentence: Scientists divide these fish into two groups based on how muchelectricity they make. 7. Generateo Definition: (v.) To create or produce something (like electricity).o Sentence: Weakly electric fish can generate up to 1 volt of electricity.8. Nervous Systemo Definition: (n.) The body parts that send messages between the brain andother areas.o Sentence: The fish’s brain sends signals to its electric organ via its nervous system.9. Detecto Definition: (v.) To find or notice something hard to see.o Sentence: The fish can detect changes in its electric field from other fish orobjects.10. Elongatedo Definition: (adj.) Longer than normal; stretched out.o Sentence: Peter’s elephantnose fish has an elongated chin to sense otherfish’s signals. 11. Attacko Definition: (v.) To use force to catch or hurt something (like prey).o Sentence: Weakly electric fish can’t generate enough electricity to attackprey.12. Paralyzeo Definition: (v.) To make an animal unable to move (usually for a shorttime).o Sentence: Electric eels use a two-step attack to find and paralyze theirprey.13. Bursto Definition: (n.) A short, sudden release of something (like electricity).o Sentence: First, electric eels send a burst of strong electricity (up to 600volts).14. Spasmo Definition: (n.) A sudden, uncontrollable muscle movement.o Sentence: The electricity makes the prey’s muscles have spasms, revealingits hiding place. 15. Mysteryo Definition: (n.) Something people can’t explain yet.o Sentence: Why electric fish don’t shock themselves is still a mystery forscientists.16. Occupyo Definition: (v.) To take up space in a place.o Sentence: Electric catfish’s electric organs occupy most of their torso.17. Navigate o Definition: (v.) To find one’s way through a place (like dark water).o Sentence: Electric eels use signals to navigate and communicate in darkwater.18. Swallowo Definition: (v.) To take food/drink into the stomach through the mouth.o Sentence: After paralyzing prey, electric eels can swallow it whole.19. Releaseo Definition: (v.) To let out something (like electricity).o Sentence: Electric catfish can release up to 350 volts of electricity.20. Revealo Definition: (v.) To show something that was hidden.

2025-12-23 困难

英文

考试列表 109

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From stealth to jet propulsion – How squid became ocean survival champions

How teeth evolved?

How does our digestive system work?

How do fish generate electricity?