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The History of Chocolate

1. Mesoamericao Definition: A historical region and cultural area in southern North America and most of Central America, including areas where ancient civilizations like the Maya and Aztecs lived.o Example (from video): Until then, chocolate only existed in Mesoamerica in a form quite different from what we know.2. cacaoo Definition: The tropical tree that produces cocoa beans, or the beans themselves (used to make chocolate).o Example (from video): As far back as 1900 BCE, the people of that region had learned to prepare the beans of the native cacao tree.3. concoctiono Definition: A mixture of various ingredients, especially one made in a way that is not standardized (often for food or drink).o Example (from video): not a relaxing cup of hot cocoa, but a bitter, invigorating concoction frothing with foam.4. frothingo Definition: Producing or covered with small bubbles (usually of liquid, like foam on a drink).o Example (from video): not a relaxing cup of hot cocoa, but a bitter, invigorating concoction frothing with foam.5. feathered serpent godo Definition: A mythological deity depicted as a snake with feathers, worshiped in many Mesoamerican cultures (e.g., Kukulkan, Quetzalcoatl).o Example (from video): They believed that cacao was a heavenly food gifted to humans by a feathered serpent god, known to the Maya as Kukulkan.6. transatlantico Definition: Relating to or crossing the Atlantic Ocean (between Europe and the Americas).o Example (from video): The first transatlantic chocolate encounter occurred in 1519 when Hernán Cortés visited the court of Moctezuma.7. salaciouso Definition: Containing or referring to sexual matters in a way that is meant to be shocking or exciting (often disapproving).o Example (from video): missionaries' salacious accounts of native customs gave it a reputation as an aphrodisiac.8. aphrodisiaco Definition: A food, drink, or substance that is believed to increase sexual desire.o Example (from video): missionaries' salacious accounts of native customs gave it a reputation as an aphrodisiac.9. ailmentso Definition: Minor physical illnesses or health problems (e.g., headaches, upset stomachs).o Example (from video): At first, its bitter taste made it suitable as a medicine for ailments, like upset stomachs.10. delicacyo Definition: A rare or expensive food item that is considered especially tasty or luxurious.o Example (from video): but sweetening it with honey, sugar, or vanilla quickly made chocolate a popular delicacy in the Spanish court.11. aristocratico Definition: Relating to aristocrats (people from the highest social class, usually with titles like lords or ladies).o Example (from video): And soon, no aristocratic home was complete without dedicated chocolate ware.12. cocoa presso Definition: A machine invented to separate cocoa butter from cocoa solids, a key tool in modern chocolate production.o Example (from video): The world of chocolate would change forever in 1828 with the introduction of the cocoa press by Coenraad van Houten of Amsterdam.13. cocoa buttero Definition: The natural fat extracted from cocoa beans, used to make chocolate, cosmetics, and other products.o Example (from video): Van Houten's invention could separate the cocoa's natural fat, or cocoa butter.14. chocolatiero Definition: A person or company that makes or sells chocolate products.o Example (from video): Not long after, a Swiss chocolatier named Daniel Peter added powdered milk to the mix.15. eliteo Definition: A small group of people with special skills, status, or power, considered better than the rest of a group.o Example (from video): By the 20th century, chocolate was no longer an elite luxury but had become a treat for the public.16. cultivationo Definition: The process of growing plants (especially crops like cocoa) for food, fuel, or other uses.o Example (from video): Meeting the massive demand required more cultivation of cocoa, which can only grow near the equator.17. horrifico Definition: Causing extreme fear, shock, or disgust (used to describe very bad events or situations).o Example (from video): Yet along with the growth of the industry, there have been horrific abuses of human rights.18. indentured laboro Definition: A system where a person works for a fixed period of time (usually to pay off a debt) in exchange for food, shelter, or other basics (often compared to slavery).o Example (from video): despite efforts from major chocolate companies to partner with African nations to reduce child and indentured labor practices.19. aurao Definition: A feeling or quality that seems to surround a person, place, or thing (often intangible, like "an aura of mystery").o Example (from video): Due to its colonial association with native cultures, combined with the power of advertising, chocolate retains an aura of something sensual.20. decadento Definition: Characterized by excessive indulgence in pleasure, luxury, or self-gratification (often used to describe rich foods like chocolate).o Example (from video): Due to its colonial association with native cultures, combined with the power of advertising, chocolate retains an aura of something sensual, decadent, and forbidden.

2025-10-04 困难

Why is Glass Transparent

1. binocularso Definition: An optical instrument with two lenses (one for each eye) used to make distant objects appear closer and larger.o Sentence from video: "You might want to grab a pair of binoculars, too, or a magnifying lens."o Example: We used binoculars to watch the birds nesting on the tall tree.2. magnifying lenso Definition: A convex lens that makes small objects look larger by bending light rays, often used for examining tiny details.o Sentence from video: "You might want to grab a pair of binoculars, too, or a magnifying lens."o Example: The scientist used a magnifying lens to study the structure of the insect’s wing.3. invisibleo Definition: Impossible to see; not visible to the human eye.o Sentence from video: "But have you ever wondered how something so solid can be so invisible?"o Example: The bacteria are invisible to the naked eye—you need a microscope to see them.4. Earth's crusto Definition: The thin, hard outer layer of the Earth, lying above the mantle, made of rocks and minerals.o Sentence from video: "It all begins in the Earth's crust, where the two most common elements are silicon and oxygen."o Example: Volcanoes erupt when magma from beneath the Earth's crust pushes through to the surface.5. silicono Definition: A chemical element (symbol Si) that is a hard, brittle metalloid; it is one of the most abundant elements in the Earth's crust and a key component of glass and semiconductors.o Sentence from video: "It all begins in the Earth's crust, where the two most common elements are silicon and oxygen."o Example: Silicon chips are used in almost all electronic devices, from smartphones to computers.6. oxygeno Definition: A chemical element (symbol O) that is a colorless, odorless gas; it is essential for most living things to breathe and is a key component of water and many minerals.o Sentence from video: "It all begins in the Earth's crust, where the two most common elements are silicon and oxygen."o Example: Plants produce oxygen during photosynthesis, which animals then use for respiration.7. silicon dioxideo Definition: A chemical compound (formula SiO₂) made of silicon and oxygen; it occurs naturally as quartz, sand, or flint, and is the main ingredient in most types of glass.o Sentence from video: "These react together to form silicon dioxide, whose molecules arrange themselves into a regular crystalline form known as quartz."o Example: Silicon dioxide is added to toothpaste to help clean teeth by scrubbing away plaque.8. crystallineo Definition: Having a regular, repeating atomic or molecular structure that forms a crystal (a solid with a clear, geometric shape).o Sentence from video: "These react together to form silicon dioxide, whose molecules arrange themselves into a regular crystalline form known as quartz."o Example: Salt and sugar are both crystalline solids—if you look closely, you can see their tiny cube-shaped crystals.9. quartzo Definition: A hard, common mineral made of silicon dioxide, with a crystalline structure; it is found in sand, rocks, and gemstones like amethyst.o Sentence from video: "These react together to form silicon dioxide, whose molecules arrange themselves into a regular crystalline form known as quartz."o Example: Quartz is often used in watches because it vibrates at a steady rate, which helps keep time accurately.10. rigidlyo Definition: In a stiff, inflexible way; not able to bend or change shape easily.o Sentence from video: "For one thing, the edges of the rigidly formed grains and smaller defects within the crystal structure reflect and disperse light that hits them."o Example: The old wooden door was rigidly fixed in place—we had to push hard to open it.11. defectso Definition: Small flaws, mistakes, or irregularities in the structure of a material (like a crystal) that change its properties.o Sentence from video: "For one thing, the edges of the rigidly formed grains and smaller defects within the crystal structure reflect and disperse light that hits them."o Example: The diamond had a few tiny defects, which made it less valuable than a perfect one.12. disperseo Definition: To spread out or scatter in different directions (used here to describe how light is scattered by irregular surfaces).o Sentence from video: "For one thing, the edges of the rigidly formed grains and smaller defects within the crystal structure reflect and disperse light that hits them."o Example: The wind dispersed the leaves across the yard, so we had to rake them up from all corners.13. amorphous solido Definition: A solid material whose molecules have a random, unordered structure (like a liquid that has "frozen" without forming crystals), e.g., glass or plastic.o Sentence from video: "Instead, as the molecules lose energy, they are less and less able to move into an ordered position, and the result is what is called an amorphous solid."o Example: Unlike ice (a crystalline solid), glass is an amorphous solid—its molecules don’t form a regular pattern.14. chaotico Definition: Having no order or pattern; disorganized and random.o Sentence from video: "A solid material with the chaotic structure of a liquid, which allows the molecules to freely fill in any gaps."o Example: The classroom was chaotic after the teacher left—students were talking loudly and moving around.15. subatomico Definition: Relating to particles that are smaller than an atom (e.g., electrons, protons, or photons).o Sentence from video: "For that, we need to go all the way down to the subatomic level."o Example: Subatomic particles like electrons are so small that we can’t see them even with a powerful microscope.16. nucleus (of an atom)o Definition: The small, dense center of an atom, made of protons and neutrons, which contains almost all of the atom’s mass.o Sentence from video: "You may know that an atom consists of a nucleus with electrons orbiting around it, but you may be surprised to know that it's mostly empty space."o Example: The nucleus of a hydrogen atom is the smallest—it has just one proton and no neutrons.17. electronso Definition: Tiny, negatively charged subatomic particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom and play a key role in chemical reactions and electricity.o Sentence from video: "You may know that an atom consists of a nucleus with electrons orbiting around it, but you may be surprised to know that it's mostly empty space."o Example: When you rub a balloon on your hair, electrons move from your hair to the balloon, making the balloon stick to walls.18. photonso Definition: Tiny packets (or "particles") of light energy that travel in waves; they carry light from sources like the sun or a lightbulb.o Sentence from video: "Absorbing one of those light photons passing through the atom can provide just the energy the electron needs."o Example: Solar panels work by converting photons from sunlight into electrical energy.19. ultraviolet lighto Definition: A type of invisible light with a shorter wavelength and higher energy than visible light; it comes from the sun and can cause sunburn or damage skin cells.o Sentence from video: "Photons from ultraviolet light, on the other hand, give just the right amount of energy, and are absorbed, which is why you can't get a suntan through glass."o Example: You should wear sunscreen to protect your skin from harmful ultraviolet light when you’re outside.20. civilizationo Definition: A complex human society with advanced culture, technology, cities, and organized systems (like government or education).o Sentence from video: "It is hard to imagine modern civilization without glass."o Example: Ancient civilizations like the Egyptians and Romans developed advanced technologies, such as pyramids and aqueducts.

2025-10-04 困难

How Did Ancient Civilizations Make Ice Cream

1. Directiveo Definition: An official instruction or order.o Sentence in Video: Their directive was to retrieve a poison pill from the freezer and slip it into the chocolate milkshake of Fidel Castro.2. Retrieveo Definition: To get or bring back something from a particular place.o Sentence in Video: Their directive was to retrieve a poison pill from the freezer and slip it into the chocolate milkshake of Fidel Castro.3. Slip (into)o Definition: To put something somewhere quietly or secretly, so that no one notices.o Sentence in Video: Their directive was to retrieve a poison pill from the freezer and slip it into the chocolate milkshake of Fidel Castro.4. Devouro Definition: To eat something quickly and eagerly, in large amounts.o Sentence in Video: the Cuban leader who was known to devour up to 18 scoops of ice cream after lunch.5. Contestedo Definition: Argued about or disagreed on; not accepted as true by everyone.o Sentence in Video: While exact details of the story are contested, it's rumored that the pill, however, froze to the freezer coils and broke.6. Foilingo Definition: Preventing someone from achieving their aim or plan; ruining a plan.o Sentence in Video: foiling the CIA’s plan and granting Castro many more days to satiate his sweet tooth.7. Satiateo Definition: To satisfy a desire or need fully, so that you no longer feel it.o Sentence in Video: foiling the CIA’s plan and granting Castro many more days to satiate his sweet tooth.8. Delicacieso Definition: Rare or expensive foods that are considered especially nice to eat.o Sentence in Video: And finding the means to freeze these delicacies wasn’t always easy.9. Treko Definition: To make a long, difficult journey on foot, especially over rough ground.o Sentence in Video: Wealthy Mediterranean nobility sent laborers to trek up high mountains to harvest glacial ice and snow.10. Glacialo Definition: Relating to glaciers (large masses of ice that move slowly over land).o Sentence in Video: Wealthy Mediterranean nobility sent laborers to trek up high mountains to harvest glacial ice and snow.11. Insulatedo Definition: Protected from heat, cold, or electricity by a special material; kept at a steady temperature.o Sentence in Video: Meanwhile, ancient Persians built shallow insulated pools of water and utilized a technique known as sky cooling.12. Utilizedo Definition: To use something in an effective way.o Sentence in Video: Meanwhile, ancient Persians built shallow insulated pools of water and utilized a technique known as sky cooling.13. Ambiento Definition: Relating to the surrounding area or environment; existing around you.o Sentence in Video: causing them to dip below the ambient temperature and freeze.14. Sherbeto Definition: A frozen dessert made from fruit juice, sugar, and water (often lighter than ice cream, with no or little cream).o Sentence in Video: It was originally inspired by sherbet, or sharbat in Arabic, an icy drink believed to have originated in Persia.15. Subsequentlyo Definition: After something else; later.o Sentence in Video: an icy drink believed to have originated in Persia, and subsequently gained popularity in the Middle Ages.16. Laboriouso Definition: Requiring a lot of time and effort; hard work.o Sentence in Video: Yet it was still mainly enjoyed by the upper classes as the process to make it was quite laborious.17. Patentedo Definition: To obtain an official right to be the only person or company allowed to make, use, or sell a new invention or product.o Sentence in Video: In Philadelphia in 1843, Nancy Johnson patented a revolutionary ice cream-making machine featuring a crank and beater.18. Therapeutico Definition: Relating to the treatment of physical or mental illness; having a healing effect.o Sentence in Video: a drink thought to have therapeutic properties at the time, with ice cream.19. Pivoted (to)o Definition: To change direction or focus; to start doing something different (especially in business).o Sentence in Video: and breweries like Anheuser-Busch and Yuengling pivoted to producing ice cream.20. Thaw (metaphorical)o Definition: (Here, metaphorical) To lose strength or intensity; to stop being strong.o Sentence in Video: one thing is certain: our love for ice cream will never thaw.

2025-10-04 困难

How Tsunamis Work

1. besiegeo Definition: To surround a place with armed forces in order to capture it or force those inside to surrender.o Sentence: In 479 BC, Persian soldiers besieged the Greek city of Potidaea, hoping to take control of it.2. retreat (as a verb, in the context of tide)o Definition: (Of the sea, tide, etc.) to move back from the shore.o Sentence: Before the tsunami hit, the tide retreated much farther than usual, exposing parts of the seabed.3. stroke of lucko Definition: An unexpected piece of good fortune.o Sentence: The Persian soldiers thought the exposed seabed was a stroke of luck for their invasion, but it was a warning sign of a tsunami.4. wratho Definition: Extreme anger, especially when felt by a powerful person or god.o Sentence: The Potidaeans believed they were saved by the wrath of Poseidon, the Greek god of the sea.5. phenomenon (plural: phenomena)o Definition: A fact or event in nature or society that can be observed and studied.o Sentence: The tsunami is a natural phenomenon caused by underwater energy release.6. tidalo Definition: Relating to the tide (the regular rise and fall of the sea).o Sentence: Tsunamis are not tidal waves—they have no connection to the tidal forces of the Sun and Moon.7. gravitationalo Definition: Relating to gravity (the force that pulls objects towards the center of the Earth or other planets).o Sentence: Tidal activity is driven by the gravitational forces of the Sun and Moon acting on the Earth’s oceans.8. trough (in the context of waves)o Definition: The lowest point between two waves, especially between the crests of a tsunami or ocean wave.o Sentence: If the trough of a tsunami reaches the shore first, the water will withdraw before the huge wave hits.9. crest (in the context of waves)o Definition: The highest point of a wave.o Sentence: The crest of the tsunami that hit Potidaea was higher than anyone had ever seen, drowning the Persian soldiers.10. displace (in the context of water)o Definition: To move water from its usual position, especially by pushing or forcing it aside.o Sentence: Underwater earthquakes displace large amounts of water, creating the energy needed for a tsunami.11. ripple outwardso Definition: To spread out in a series of small waves or vibrations, moving away from a central point.o Sentence: After gravity pulls displaced water back down, energy ripples outwards horizontally, forming a tsunami.12. detectableo Definition: Able to be noticed or discovered.o Sentence: When a tsunami is far from shore, it is barely detectable because it moves through the entire depth of the ocean.13. shallow (in the context of water)o Definition: (Of water) not deep.o Sentence: Tsunamis change dramatically when they reach shallow water near the coast.14. wave shoalingo Definition: A process where waves slow down and increase in height as they move from deep to shallow water.o Sentence: Wave shoaling causes tsunamis to grow up to 100 feet tall when they approach coastal areas.15. compressed (in the context of energy)o Definition: Pressed or squeezed together, making something smaller or more concentrated.o Sentence: In shallow water, the tsunami’s massive energy is compressed, leading to a sudden rise in wave height.16. low-lyingo Definition: (Of land) lying at a low level relative to the surrounding area, especially near water.o Sentence: Low-lying coastal areas are at the highest risk of destruction when a tsunami hits, as the water can travel miles inland.17. debriso Definition: Scattered pieces of waste or remains, especially from something that has been destroyed.o Sentence: After the tsunami, retreating water dragged debris—like broken buildings and trees—back into the ocean.18. seismico Definition: Relating to earthquakes or other vibrations of the Earth’s crust.o Sentence: Scientists monitor seismic activity underwater to detect earthquakes that might trigger tsunamis.19. divert (in the context of water)o Definition: To change the direction of water so that it flows somewhere else.o Sentence: Some coastal regions build channels to divert tsunami water away from populated areas, though this method is not always effective.20. alert (as a noun)o Definition: A warning that something dangerous or unpleasant might happen.o Sentence: Global communication networks help distribute tsunami alerts quickly, giving people time to evacuate.

2025-10-04 困难

How do Tornadoes Form

1. Tornadoo Definition: A rapidly rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground, often visible as a funnel-shaped cloud and capable of destroying buildings and uprooting trees.o Sentence (from video): "Tornadoes are rapidly rotating columns of air that form inside storms that connect with the ground via a funnel of cloud."2. Supercello Definition: An extremely large, powerful, and long-lasting thunderstorm characterized by a rotating updraft (mesocyclone), which often produces tornadoes, large hail, and strong winds.o Sentence (from video): "These are especially powerful, towering thunderstorms called supercells."3. Mesocycloneo Definition: A large-scale rotating air mass within a supercell thunderstorm, typically 2–10 miles in diameter, that serves as the precursor to a tornado.o Sentence (from video): "When all these things are in place, a vortex can develop enclosed by the storm... We call this a mesocyclone."4. Updrafto Definition: A current of air moving upward, especially in the atmosphere, often associated with storms and responsible for lifting moisture and creating cloud formation.o Sentence (from video): "Condensation releases heat, and heat becomes the energy that drives huge upward drafts of air."5. Downdrafto Definition: A current of air moving downward, especially in the atmosphere, often occurring alongside updrafts in storms and contributing to storm instability.o Sentence (from video): "Outside, cool, dry, sinking air starts to wrap around the back of this mesocyclone, forming what's known as a rear flank downdraft."6. Rear Flank Downdraft (RFD)o Definition: A specific type of downdraft in a supercell thunderstorm that flows around the back of the mesocyclone, creating temperature differences and helping to intensify tornado formation.o Sentence (from video): "Outside, cool, dry, sinking air starts to wrap around the back of this mesocyclone, forming what's known as a rear flank downdraft."7. Vortexo Definition: A mass of fluid (such as air or water) that spins around a central axis, creating a swirling motion; in meteorology, it refers to rotating air masses like mesocyclones or tornadoes.o Sentence (from video): "When all these things are in place, a vortex can develop enclosed by the storm, and forming a wide, tall tube of spinning air that then gets pulled upwards."8. Funnel (Cloud)o Definition: A narrow, tapering column of cloud that extends downward from a thunderstorm, often a sign that a tornado is forming (it becomes a tornado once it touches the ground).o Sentence (from video): "Tornadoes are rapidly rotating columns of air that form inside storms that connect with the ground via a funnel of cloud."9. Condensationo Definition: The process by which water vapor in the air turns into liquid water, forming clouds, dew, or rain; this process releases heat, which fuels storm energy.o Sentence (from video): "Any storm is formed when condensation occurs, the byproducts of the clouds. Condensation releases heat..."10. Instability (Atmospheric)o Definition: A condition in the atmosphere where warm, moist air near the ground is less dense than cooler air above, causing the warm air to rise rapidly and fuel storm development.o Sentence (from video): "This unusual scenario creates a stark temperature difference... building up a level of instability that allows a tornado to thrive."11. Meteorologisto Definition: A scientist who studies the atmosphere, weather patterns, and climate, and who forecasts weather conditions or researches atmospheric phenomena like tornadoes.o Sentence (from video): "Even so, meteorologists and storm chasers like me will remain on the lookout..."12. Storm Chasero Definition: A person who actively pursues severe storms (such as tornadoes, hurricanes, or thunderstorms) to observe, photograph, or study them for scientific or educational purposes.o Sentence (from video): "They call me the tornado chaser. When the wind is up and conditions are right, I get in my car and follow violent storms."13. Phenomena (pl. of Phenomenon)o Definition: Observable events or occurrences in nature or society; in science, it refers to a fact or event that can be studied to understand its cause or effects.o Sentence (from video): "Because of this, there's a great deal of research into these phenomena, but the truth is, there's still a lot we don't know about how tornadoes form."14. Momentumo Definition: The force or speed of movement of an object or system; in meteorology, it refers to the continued strength or forward motion of a storm.o Sentence (from video): "When the temperature difference disappears and conditions grow more stable... the once fierce parent storm loses momentum and draws its tornado back inside."15. Threato Definition: A potential danger or risk to something or someone; in the context of storms, it refers to the harm (to life or property) that a tornado or severe weather could cause.o Sentence (from video): "When that happens, they tear across the Earth, posing a huge threat to life and property."16. Brewing (of Storms)o Definition: Developing or forming gradually, often used to describe a storm that is starting to take shape in the atmosphere.o Sentence (from video): "But we have learned a lot since people first started recording tornadoes, like how to recognize the signs when one is brewing in the sky."17. Moistureo Definition: Small amounts of water present in the air, soil, or other substances; in meteorology, atmospheric moisture (water vapor) is essential for cloud and storm formation.o Sentence (from video): "Finally, at the storm's base, if there is a lot of moisture, a huge cloud base develops, giving the tornado something to feed off later..."18. Towering (of Clouds/Storms)o Definition: Extremely tall or high-reaching, used to describe large, imposing storm clouds that extend far into the atmosphere.o Sentence (from video): "These are especially powerful, towering thunderstorms called supercells."19. Hailstoneso Definition: Small, hard balls or irregular lumps of ice that fall from thunderstorms, formed when raindrops are repeatedly lifted and frozen in updrafts within the storm.o Sentence (from video): "Reaching up to over 50,000 feet, they bring high force winds, giant hailstones, sometimes flooding and great flashes of lightning, too."20. Forecast (v.)o Definition: To predict or estimate future weather conditions based on scientific data, observations, and atmospheric patterns.o Sentence (from video): "...clues that we can measure and look out for when we're trying to forecast a storm."

2025-10-04 困难

How Big is the Ocean

1. Sheer· 英語釋義：(adj.) used to emphasize the size, degree, or extent of something; complete or absolute· 例句：Let it really sink in, the sheer scope and size of the ocean—how it connects five major basins into one massive body of water.2. Scope· 英語釋義：(n.) the range or extent of something, especially of a subject, activity, or natural feature· 例句：When asking “How big is the ocean?”, you first need to understand the scope of its single system, which covers 71% of Earth’s surface. 3. Component· 英語釋義：(adj.) forming part of a larger whole; constituent· 例句：The ocean has five component basins (Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, Southern) that together make up one global water body.4. Basin· 英語釋義：(n.) a large natural depression in the Earth’s surface that contains water, here referring to major ocean regions· 例句：Each of the five basins we call “oceans” is not separate—they all belong to the same worldwide ocean.5. Dominant· 英語釋義：(adj.) more important, powerful, or noticeable than other things or features· 例句：When viewed from space, the ocean is by far the dominant feature of our planet, as it covers far more area than land.6. Immerse· 英語釋義：(v.) to cover or submerge something completely in a liquid· 例句：The ocean’s water volume is so large that it could immerse the United States under a saltwater layer over 132 kilometers tall. 7. Biosphere· 英語釋義：(n.) the regions of the Earth (including land, water, and air) where living organisms exist· 例句：The ocean contains upwards of 99% of the world’s biosphere—meaning almost all places with life on Earth are in the ocean.8. Encompass· 英語釋義：(v.) to include or contain something as part of a whole· 例句：The living space encompassed by all continents together represents only 1% of Earth’s total biosphere.9. Unparalleled· 英語釋義：(adj.) having no equal; better or more important than any other· 例句：The ocean’s importance to life is practically unparalleled, as it supports most of Earth’s living organisms.10. Geological· 英語釋義：(adj.) relating to the Earth’s physical structure, substances, history, and the processes that shape it· 例句：The ocean holds the greatest geological features of our planet, such as the longest mountain ranges and deepest canyons.11. Cataract· 英語釋義：(n.) a large waterfall, especially one on a major river or in an underwater setting· 例句：Beneath the Denmark Strait lies the world’s largest waterfall—a massive cataract that carries 116 times more water than the Congo’s Inga Falls.12. Plummet· 英語釋義：(v.) to fall or drop straight down quickly and suddenly, especially from a great height· 例句：While 4,200 meters of Hawaii’s Mauna Kea sit above sea level, its sides plummet beneath the waves for another 5,800 meters.13. Silt-covered· 英語釋義：(adj.) covered with silt (a fine, powdery soil that settles at the bottom of water bodies)· 例句：From its snow-covered top to its silt-covered bottom, Mauna Kea reaches roughly 10,000 meters in total height.14. Dwarf· 英語釋義：(v.) to make something seem small or unimportant in comparison· 例句：Mauna Kea’s total height dwarfs Everest’s peak by well over a kilometer—making it the tallest mountain on Earth.15. Paltry· 英語釋義：(adj.) small or meager in size, amount, or importance (used here to contrast with a larger feature)· 例句：Everest’s peak seems paltry when compared to Mauna Kea, as it is far shorter in total height.16. Submerged· 英語釋義：(adj.) covered or hidden under water· 例句：The Challenger Deep is so deep that it could sink Mount Everest, leaving its peak submerged with over 2.1 kilometers of water above it.17. Incomprehensible· 英語釋義：(adj.) impossible to understand or grasp, especially because of being extremely large or complex· 例句：The ocean’s scope is practically incomprehensible—yet every person on Earth has the chance to influence its health.18.   In and of themselves· ·英語釋義：(phrase) considered alone or by themselves, without considering other related parts· ·例句：The five basins, while often called oceans in and of themselves, are really just parts of one massive ocean.19. Cubic kilometer· ·英語釋義：(n.) a unit of volume equal to a cube with each side measuring one kilometer, used for large-scale water volumes· 例句：The ocean holds over 1.3 billion cubic kilometers of water—enough to cover the entire U.S. in 132 km of saltwater.

2025-10-04 困难

The History of Tea

1. divineo Definition: Relating to a god or goddess; sacred.o Example: The story describes Shennong as a weary divine farmer who searched for edible grains.2. poisonedo Definition: Harmed or killed by a toxic substance.o Example: During his forest journey, Shennong accidentally poisoned himself 72 times.3. revivedo Definition: Restored to life, consciousness, or strength.o Example: After chewing the leaf that drifted into his mouth, Shennong was revived.4. mythicalo Definition: Relating to myths (ancient stories about gods, heroes, or origins); not based on fact.o Example: Shennong is a mythical Chinese figure credited with inventing agriculture.5. archaeologicalo Definition: Relating to the study of human history through ancient objects or remains.o Example: Archaeological evidence suggests tea was first cultivated in China 6,000 years ago.6. cultivatedo Definition: Grown and cared for (plants) for food, use, or pleasure.o Example: The original Chinese tea plant, cultivated 6,000 years ago, is the same type grown worldwide today.7. porridgeo Definition: A soft, thick food made by boiling grains (e.g., rice, oats) in water or milk.o Example: Originally, tea was eaten as a vegetable or cooked with grain porridge.8. moistureo Definition: Small amounts of liquid (e.g., water) in the air, on a surface, or in a substance.o Example: People realized that a combination of heat and moisture could create a complex taste from tea leaves.9. portableo Definition: Easy to carry or move from one place to another.o Example: After heating, tea was packed into portable cakes for storage and transport.10. grindo Definition: Crush (something) into small pieces or powder using force.o Example: The portable tea cakes were ground into powder before being mixed with hot water.11. ritualso Definition: Fixed sets of actions or ceremonies performed for religious, cultural, or traditional reasons.o Example: The Japanese eventually developed their own unique rituals around tea, leading to the tea ceremony.12. monopolyo Definition: Complete control over the supply of a product or service in a particular market (no other competitors).o Example: During the Ming Dynasty, China held a virtual monopoly on the world’s tea trees.13. exporto Definition: Goods sent to another country for sale.o Example: Tea was one of three essential Chinese export goods, along with porcelain and silk.14. lucrativeo Definition: Producing a lot of money; profitable.o Example: The tea trade was so lucrative that Western companies competed fiercely to transport tea to Europe.15. clipper shipo Definition: A fast sailing ship with sharp lines, built in the 19th century for trade (especially tea).o Example: The world’s fastest sailboat, the clipper ship, was born from competition between tea-trading companies.16. maximizeo Definition: Make as large or great as possible.o Example: Trading companies raced to bring tea to Europe first to maximize their profits.17. triggeredo Definition: Caused (an event, reaction, or problem) to happen.o Example: Britain’s suggestion to trade tea for opium triggered a public health crisis in China.18. cededo Definition: Gave up (land, rights, or power) to another country or person, usually after pressure or defeat.o Example: After losing the First Opium War, the Qing Dynasty ceded the port of Hong Kong to Britain.19. coverto Definition: Secret or hidden (especially to avoid being noticed).o Example: The British East India Company commissioned Robert Fortune to steal tea from China in a covert operation.20. perilouso Definition: Full of danger or risk.o Example: Fortune disguised himself and took a perilous journey through China’s mountainous tea regions.

2025-10-04 困难

The myth behind the Chinese zodiac

1. Zodiac /ˈzəʊdiæk/● Part of Speech: n. (Noun)● Definition: The belt of the heavens along which the sun, moon, and planets appear to move; a system of 12 signs (e.g., Western astrological signs or the 12 Chinese Zodiac animals) associated with birth times/dates.● Video Relevance: Core concept referring to both "Western astrology" and "Chinese Zodiac (the 12 Earthly Branches)".● Example: The Chinese Zodiac consists of 12 animal signs, whereas the Western Zodiac is based on 12 constellations tied to birth months.2. Lunar /ˈluːnə(r)/● Part of Speech: adj. (Adjective)● Definition: Relating to the moon; used to describe calendars (like the Chinese Lunar Calendar) that follow the moon’s cycles (opposite of "solar").● Video Relevance: Describes the "lunar calendar years" named after Zodiac animals.● Example: The date of the Chinese Spring Festival varies each year because it is based on the Lunar Calendar, not the Gregorian calendar.3. Celestial /səˈlestʃl/● Part of Speech: adj. (Adjective)● Definition: Relating to the sky or heavens; having a divine or heavenly quality.● Video Relevance: Modifies "the celestial ruler (Jade Emperor)", emphasizing his divine, heavenly status.● Example: In the Zodiac legend, the celestial ruler Jade Emperor hosted a river-crossing race to select animals for the Lunar Calendar.4. Ruler /ˈruːlə(r)/● Part of Speech: n. (Noun)● Definition: A person who governs or rules a group, region, or (in myths) a divine realm (not to be confused with the "ruler" used for measuring length).● Video Relevance: Refers to "the Jade Emperor, the celestial ruler of heaven".● Example: All animals in the legend obeyed the celestial ruler, as he was tasked with creating a new way to measure time.5. Chronicle /ˈkrɒnɪkl/● Part of Speech: v. (Verb); n. (Noun)● Definition: v. To record events in the order they happen; n. A written record of historical events in order.● Video Relevance: Used as a verb to mean "naming Lunar years in sequence" (the 12 animals "chronicle" the years).● Example: The 12 animals that won the race were chosen to chronicle each year of the Chinese Lunar Calendar.6. Agile /ˈædʒaɪl/● Part of Speech: adj. (Adjective)● Definition: Quick, nimble, and able to move or react with ease.● Video Relevance: Describes how the rabbit "skillfully jumped over stones and driftwood" to cross the river.● Example: The rabbit was so agile that it avoided the rapids by leaping from one piece of driftwood to another.7. Rapids /ˈræpɪdz/● Part of Speech: n. (Noun, plural)● Definition: A section of a river where the water flows very fast and violently (often over rocks).● Video Relevance: Refers to the "swift river currents" the rabbit couldn’t swim through.● Example: The tiger swam through the rapids effortlessly, but the small rabbit had to find a different path.8. Driftwood /ˈdrɪftwʊd/● Part of Speech: n. (Noun, uncountable)● Definition: Pieces of wood that float in the sea or a river, or are washed onto the shore.● Video Relevance: The floating wood the rabbit used to cross the river.● Example: The rabbit hopped on driftwood to stay above the water, as it was too small to swim across.9. Slide /slaɪd/● Part of Speech: v. (Verb)● Definition: To move smoothly and quietly over a surface (e.g., how snakes move).● Video Relevance: Describes the snake’s movement when it "slid to the horse’s feet" and scared it.● Example: The snake slid silently beside the horse, causing the horse to rear up and lose its lead.10. Raft /ræft/● Part of Speech: n. (Noun); v. (Verb)● Definition: n. A floating structure made of tied-together wood/bamboo, used for crossing water; v. To travel on a raft.● Video Relevance: The floating structure used by the sheep, monkey, and rooster.● Example: The sheep, monkey, and rooster worked together to paddle their raft through the water plants.11. Aquatic /əˈkwætɪk/● Part of Speech: adj. (Adjective)● Definition: Relating to water; living or growing in water.● Video Relevance: Describes the "water plants" the raft passed through (full phrase: "aquatic plants").● Example: The raft got tangled in aquatic plants, so the three animals had to pull hard to free it.12. Coordinate /kəʊˈɔːdɪneɪt/● Part of Speech: v. (Verb)● Definition: To organize people or things so they work together effectively.● Video Relevance: Explains how the sheep "helped the team work well together" during the race.● Example: The sheep coordinated the team’s efforts, ensuring the monkey and rooster paddled in sync.13. Frolic /ˈfrɒlɪk/● Part of Speech: v. (Verb); n. (Noun)● Definition: v. To play and jump around happily; n. A playful activity.● Video Relevance: Describes the dog’s behavior of "playing in the water for too long".● Example: The dog stopped to frolic in the river, which caused it to become late and remain in 11th place.14. Stagger /ˈstæɡə(r)/● Part of Speech: v. (Verb)● Definition: To walk unsteadily, as if about to fall (due to tiredness, weakness, or laziness).● Video Relevance: Describes how the pig "walked unsteadily to the finish line" after eating and napping.● Example: The pig staggered to the end of the race, having stopped earlier to eat and sleep.15. Cycle /ˈsaɪkl/● Part of Speech: n. (Noun); v. (Verb)● Definition: n. A repeating sequence of events or time periods; v. To repeat in a cycle.● Video Relevance: Refers to the "60-year repeating cycle" of the Chinese Zodiac.● Example: The Chinese Zodiac has a 60-year cycle, combining the 12 animal signs with the 10 Heavenly Stems.16. Stem /stem/● Part of Speech: n. (Noun)● Definition: (In Chinese astronomy) One of the 10 "Heavenly Stems" (Tiangan) used in the Lunar Calendar (not the "stem" of a plant).● Video Relevance: Refers to the "10 Heavenly Stems" in the traditional Chinese calendar system.● Example: Each Heavenly Stem is paired with a Yin or Yang force, creating a 10-year sub-cycle within the Zodiac.17. Branch /brɑːntʃ/● Part of Speech: n. (Noun)● Definition: (In Chinese astronomy) One of the 12 "Earthly Branches" (Dizhi) linked to the 12 Zodiac animals (not a "branch" of a tree).● Video Relevance: Refers to the "12 Earthly Branches" that correspond to the Zodiac animals.● Example: Each Zodiac animal is tied to an Earthly Branch, forming the 12-year base of the 60-year Zodiac cycle.18. Element /ˈelɪmənt/● Part of Speech: n. (Noun)● Definition: (In Chinese philosophy) One of the five fundamental forces of nature: Metal, Wood, Water, Fire, Earth (the "Five Elements").● Video Relevance: Refers to the "five traditional elements" that pair with the Heavenly Stems.● Example: The Five Elements (Metal, Wood, Water, Fire, Earth) each have a Yin and Yang form, adding complexity to the Zodiac cycle.

2025-10-04 困难

English Test（Secondary）

Reading (35 marks) Part 1 (22 marks) While surfing the Internet, you found an online article about a celebrity stylist. Read the article and answer the questions. How do celebrities look so good?   [1] Do you ever wonder how celebrities look so good at awards shows and other events? Sure, most celebrities are very attractive people, but there is a lot more to looking good. Stylists take celebrities' looks to the next level by working with hairstylists and make-up artists to make stars look like they just stepped out of a fashion magazine. Stylists dress and style them, and choose accessories to create looks that are at the forefront of fashion.   [2] Gemma Evans has been a stylist for twelve years. She started her career at the age of twenty-four after studying at the New York Fashion Academy. ‘I've loved fashion my whole life,’ she says. ‘I used to spend hours reading fashion magazines and watching red-carpet events on TV. At school, my friends always asked me for advice on what to wear.’  [3] After graduating with a degree in fashion design and studying some specialist courses, Gemma worked as an assistant stylist at I-Style magazine. She also did freelance projects which included styling models for a fashion show and a pizza advert. Gemma's ‘big break’ came when pop star Julia Wilson invited her to be her stylist for an awards show in New York. Wilson's outfit stole the show and Gemma quickly became one of the most popular stylists in New York.   [4] Gemma feels very lucky. ‘I can use my creativity on a daily basis,’ she explains. ‘I love it when I create a perfect outfit or a completely new look for a client.’ Another benefit is that she gets to meet and work with many interesting people, such as famous writers, film-makers and sports stars.   [5] However, Gemma’s working hours are often very long. ‘Fifteen-hour workdays are normal, especially during the awards season,’ she says, ‘but this doesn’t stop me from loving my job!’ <span style="font-family: Garamond;font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-caps: small-caps;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-size: 21px">Gemma’s top styling tips  q Add a ‘pop’ colour ~ A brightly coloured accessory can make a plain, boring outfit ‘pop’. For example, a bright red belt with a black dress makes the outfit come alive. q Blend styles ~ Don’t be afraid to mix formal items with informal ones. For example, matching a smart business suit with a pair of trendy trainers can create a whole new look. Part 2  You are Chris. Your friend Jack was hiking recently when something strange happened. He sent you a letter to tell you about it. Read the letter and answer the questions. Dear Chris[1] Last weekend, I had a bizarre experience! My dad and I were hiking in a country park when we saw — a UFO!<img width="30" height="99" src="/backend/assets/8c15a2f7/themes/default/images/spacer.gif" word_img="file:///C:/Users/Skyler/AppData/Local/Temp/ksohtml62492/wps2.png" style="background:url(/backend/assets/8c15a2f7/themes/default/images/word.gif) no-repeat center center;border:1px solid #ddd"/> [2] Let me tell you all about it. After hiking up a hill, we found a nice spot for lunch. The view in front of us was amazing! I was eating my sandwich when suddenly I heard a strange sound. When I looked up, I saw a big, metal aircraft of some kind. It was just floating there — not spinning or moving in any way. I couldn’t believe my eyes! [3] I quickly took out my phone. I snapped a few photos before the UFO flew high into the sky and disappeared — like a bolt of lightning! My dad and I just sat there, staring at the empty sky where the UFO had been. Finally, Dad asked if I’d taken a photo. I checked my phone. There were three new photos, but they were all black …  [4] I can’t be sure the aircraft was really a spaceship. But whatever it was, it wasn’t anything I’ve ever seen before. When we got home, we excitedly told Mum what had happened. Looking at the three black photos, she started laughing. I was so disappointed by her reaction. [5] My dad and I are going hiking in the same spot tomorrow. Maybe we’ll see the UFO again. If so, I’ll try to video record it.Jack VocabularyComplete the sentences below with the words and phrases in the word box.<table cellspacing="0" style=""><tbody><tr style="height:22px" class="firstRow"><td width="198" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right: none; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-color: windowtext; border-bottom: none; background: rgb(217, 217, 217);">ageing population </td><td width="198" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-color: windowtext; border-bottom: none; background: rgb(217, 217, 217);">cyberbullying</td><td width="146" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-color: windowtext; border-bottom: none; background: rgb(217, 217, 217);">plot</td></tr><tr style="height:24px"><td width="198" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right: none; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext; background: rgb(217, 217, 217);">raffle</td><td width="198" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext; background: rgb(217, 217, 217);">the elderly</td><td width="245" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px; border-left: none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: windowtext; background: rgb(217, 217, 217);">the unemployed</td></tr></tbody></table> 1 The government provides courses for <ruby>_______________________<rp>(</rp><rt></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> to help them get back to work.2 I recommend this film because it has an exciting <ruby>_______________________<rp>(</rp><rt></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>.3 An<ruby>_______________________<rp>(</rp><rt></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> means there will be fewer workers.4 Sara does volunteer work for <ruby>_______________________<rp>(</rp><rt></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> and enjoys listening to them talking about when they were young. 5 The aim of our <ruby>_______________________<rp>(</rp><rt></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> is to raise money for a local charity. 6 To protect ourselves from <ruby>_______________________<rp>(</rp><rt></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>, we should be more careful of what we post online.  LanguageA group of Mr Leung’s students will be taking part in a drama competition soon. He is asking Harry about their rehearsals. Complete their conversation using the words in brackets. Use the correct form of the simple past, present perfect or present perfect continuous of the verbs.  Mr Leung: The drama competition is next month. How’s the script going? Harry: We (1) <ruby>_________________________________<rt></rt></ruby> (finish) writing the script already. It’s about three teenagers who want to become professional athletes. Mr Leung: (2) <ruby>_________________________________<rt></rt></ruby> (you / start) rehearsals yet? Harry: We (3) <ruby>_________________________________<rt></rt></ruby> (have) our first rehearsal yesterday. Mr Leung: How did it go? Harry: It (4) <ruby>_________________________________<rt></rt></ruby> (go) quite well. The only problem is that we like to use the school hall for rehearsals, but it’s often full of students. We (5) <ruby>_________________________________<rt></rt></ruby> (try) to think of another place where we can rehearse, but we still (6) <ruby>_________________________________<rt></rt></ruby> (not / think) of one yet. Mr Leung: Mrs White is the teacher in charge of extracurricular activities. I’ll ask her to help you. Harry: That would be great, Mr Leung. Mr Leung: No problem. I look forward to seeing your play!

2025-10-03 困难

英文（小學）

Text 1Kelly is writing a diary. Read it and blacken the best answers.Sunday17 December 2014I am away from Hong Kong. I am enjoying my one-week holiday with my family in Australia. It is a beautiful country. Poor Daddy! He needs to work in Singapore. He can't join us.Today I had a wonderful day. In the morning, I swam and enjoyed sunshine in the Water World. In the afternoon, I went to a zoo and saw many animals. First, I saw some koalas. The koalas were cute. They lived on the trees and spent most of their time sleeping. There were also some kangaroos. They were energetic. They jumped all the time. I saw a baby kangaroo in its mother's pouch. It has big eyes. It is lovely!We'll go to the Gold Coast tomorrow. It is a beautiful beach. I can't wait! I'd better sleep now so that I can wake up early the next day. Text2Kelly is reading a magazine article. Read the article and blacken the best answers. The Special Friends ClubAt the Special Friends Club, we help old people. They are not able to look after themselves. We visit old people in their homes. We buy food in the market and cook for them. We sometimes clean their homes for them. The best thing is spending time talking with them. They tell us many interesting stories. We like to listen to them.All members of the Special Friends Club are volunteers. They like helping others. Would you like to join us? The old people would be happy to see you!Sign up on www.specialfriendsclub.org.hk Text 3Ben is reading a poster in a community centre. Read the poster. Tai Chi LessonsTai Chi is a popular exercise because of its health benefits for people of all ages. You do not need to have a partner or a special venue to practise Tai Chi. You can do it on your own anytime in any quiet places. • Venue A: Hong Kong Park• Time: 7:30 am – 8:30 am (Monday, Wednesday & Friday)• Venue B: Kowloon Park• Time: 8:00 am – 9:00 am (Saturday)• Fee: free• Instructor: Mr Thomas Law• Capacity: About 50 students per class • Notes:◦ Participants need not register. Just come and enjoy.◦ Participants are advised to wear light clothing.• Organiser: Hong Kong Health Club Text 4Ben is reading two notices. Read the notices. Opening of the Garden• Date: 22 – 28 April, 2015• Time: 9:30 am – 6:30 pm• Venue: Government House• Tickets: free• *You are welcome to join the photo class held by the photo shop• *No parking space available Please note the following:• Do not pick the flowers or walk on the grass.• Do not take dogs and cats inside.• Do not smoke.• Take all litter away when leaving.• There is a drawing room beside the dining room. Prepositions Exercise Kelly is writing about his brother in the writing lesson. Fill in the blanks with the suitable prepositions below. Prepositions: at, with, by, in, on, up My little brotherJack is my little brother. He is nine months old. He can crawl. He can eat 1) ______ a spoon 2) ______ himself. He can’t put 3) ______ his shoes or do 4) ______ his buttons.Mum is busy to take care of him. I help to feed him 5) ______ weekends. I also help 6) ______ the housework 7) ______ Sundays. We have a happy family. We love our little brother very much. Verb Forms Exercise Kelly is talking to her mother about her best friend. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the given verbs. My best friend, Annie 1. ______ (be) friendly. She 2. ______ (not shout) at me. She always 3. ______ (listen) to me. We always 4. ______ (chat) together at recess.Yesterday we 5. ______ (do) some crafts. We 6. ______ (make) a bookmark. We 7. ______ (be) happy.I hope we can 8. ______ (be) friends forever.

2025-09-23 困难

英文

考试列表 44

The History of Chocolate

Why is Glass Transparent

How Did Ancient Civilizations Make Ice Cream

How Tsunamis Work

How do Tornadoes Form

How Big is the Ocean

The History of Tea

The myth behind the Chinese zodiac

English Test（Secondary）

英文（小學）