英文 - 考试分类 - 正風學習中心

How do cacti retain water?

Vocabulary1. succulento Definition: Adjective meaning full of water and juicy; a noun for a plant that stores water in its stems or leaves.o Sentence: The succulent stem of the cactus is the key to its survival in the dry desert.2. thriveo Definition: To grow, develop and be healthy successfully, especially in a difficult condition.o Sentence: Cactuses thrive in the hot and dry deserts where most other plants cannot live.3. harsho Definition: Very difficult, unpleasant and not suitable for living or growing.o Sentence: Only a few special plants can stand the harsh climate of the Sahara Desert.4. spineo Definition: A sharp, hard point that grows on the surface of cactuses and some other plants.o Sentence: Each spine on the cactus helps to reduce the loss of water and keep predators away.5. modifyo Definition: To change something slightly so that it is better suited for a particular purpose.o Sentence: Over time, the leaves of cactuses modify into spines to adapt to the desert environment.6. evaporateo Definition: To change from a liquid into a gas, usually because of heat from the sun or air.o Sentence: Water will evaporate quickly in the hot sun if there is no protection for it.7. insulateo Definition: To stop heat or cold from passing through something, keeping the temperature stable.o Sentence: The spines of the cactus insulate the plant and prevent it from getting too cold at night.8. predatoro Definition: An animal that hunts, kills and eats other animals for food.o Sentence: The sharp spines can effectively keep desert predators from eating the cactus.9. limestoneo Definition: A hard white or grey rock formed from ancient sea creatures' bones and shells.o Sentence: Some cactus species grow well in the limestone soil of tropical dry forests.10. cuticleo Definition: A thin, tough and waxy layer on the surface of plants that protects them from damage.o Sentence: The thick cuticle on cactus stems can stop water from escaping easily.11. waxyo Definition: Having a smooth, slightly shiny surface that feels like wax.o Sentence: The cactus has a waxy skin that helps it hold onto water for a long time.12. stomatao Definition: Very small holes on the surface of plants that let gas in and out (singular: stoma).o Sentence: Cactus stomata stay closed in the daytime to avoid losing too much water.13. photosynthesiso Definition: The process by which plants use sunlight to make food from water and carbon dioxide.o Sentence: Photosynthesis can still happen at night for cactuses with their special growth way.14. lateralo Definition: Relating to the side of something, or growing towards the sides instead of up or down.o Sentence: Cactuses have long lateral roots that spread out near the soil surface to absorb rainwater fast.15. mucuso Definition: A thick, sticky liquid produced by some plants or animals to hold water or protect parts.o Sentence: Mucus in cactus cells sticks to water molecules and stops them from evaporating.16. withero Definition: To become dry, weak and shrivelled, and eventually die because of lack of water.o Sentence: The small rain roots of cactuses wither when the soil dries up to save the plant's energy.17. adaptationo Definition: A change in the form or behavior of a plant or animal to suit its living environment.o Sentence: The development of spines is an important adaptation of cactuses to the desert.18. epiphyteo Definition: A plant that grows on another plant for support, not for taking food from it.o Sentence: The mistletoe cactus is an epiphyte that lives on the branches of rainforest trees.19. ancestoro Definition: A plant or animal from which a later type has developed over millions of years.o Sentence: The ancestors of modern cactuses first developed water-storing skills in ancient deserts.20. adapto Definition: To change the physical features or living habits to fit a new or difficult environment.o Sentence: Cactuses adapt well to different places, from dry deserts to wet rainforests.

2026-02-09 困难

How can a concubine become the ruler of Egypt?

Vocabulary1. Sultano Definition: A male ruler of a Muslim state in the past.o Sentence: The Egyptian sultan was respected by his people and military forces.2. Overthrowo Definition: To remove a leader or government from power by force.o Sentence: The French king planned to overthrow the ruler and take over Egypt.3. Enslaveo Definition: To make someone a slave and control their life completely.o Sentence: Many young children from that region were enslaved and sent to faraway lands.4. Eliteo Definition: The most skilled, powerful or important group in a society.o Sentence: He was trained to join the elite military unit of the Egyptian sultanate.5. Concubineo Definition: A woman who lives with a powerful man but is not his legal wife.o Sentence: She became a concubine of the sultan’s son when she was a teenager.6. Crusadero Definition: A member of the Christian army that fought in the Middle East long ago.o Sentence: The crusader army tried to capture important cities in Egypt at that time.7. Moraleo Definition: The feeling of confidence and enthusiasm among a group of people.o Definition: Hiding the bad news was important to keep the army’s morale high.o Sentence: The general worried that the bad news would lower the soldiers’ morale in the war.8. Concealo Definition: To hide something so that no one can find or know about it.o Sentence: She decided to conceal the sultan’s death to avoid chaos in the country.9. Forgeo Definition: To copy a signature or document to trick other people.o Sentence: She had to forge the sultan’s signature on the official orders to rule secretly.10. Decreeo Definition: An official order or decision made by a ruler or government.o Sentence: All the decrees of the sultan were carried out by the military commanders.11. Ambusho Definition: To attack someone suddenly from a hidden place.o Sentence: The Egyptian soldiers chose to ambush the enemy when they entered the city.12. Hostageo Definition: A person who is captured to force others to do what the captor wants.o Sentence: The French king was taken as a hostage after his army was defeated in battle.13. Exileo Definition: To force someone to leave their country for political reasons.o Sentence: The new ruler threatened to exile her if she refused to follow his orders.14. Conspireo Definition: To plan something secret and often bad with other people.o Sentence: She had to conspire with her allies to protect the country from a cruel ruler.15. Assassinateo Definition: To murder an important person for political or religious reasons.o Sentence: The cruel stepson was assassinated by those who opposed his rule in 1250.16. Ransomo Definition: Money paid to free a person who has been captured.o Sentence: She negotiated a large ransom for the release of the French king and his army.17. Surrendero Definition: To stop fighting and admit defeat to the enemy.o Sentence: The enemy had to surrender the occupied port cities to get their king back.18. Consolidateo Definition: To make one’s power, position or control stronger and more secure.o Sentence: She worked hard to consolidate her authority as the ruler of the sultanate.19. Legacyo Definition: Something a person leaves behind after death, like a reputation or achievement.o Sentence: Her legacy as a wise ruler was remembered by the Egyptian people for a long time.20. Authorityo Definition: The power to make decisions and control others, especially in a country.o Sentence: The religious authority refused to accept a woman as the ruler of the Muslim state.

2026-02-09 困难

The mysterious red light of the Earth

Vocabulary1. wavelengtho Definition: The distance between two identical parts of a light wave.o Sentence: Satellites scan and classify the wavelengths reflected from the Earth's surface. 2. spectralo Definition: Related to the different types of light in a spectrum.o Sentence: Researchers are looking for the spectral features of carbon dioxide in space. 3. photosynthesiso Definition: The process where plants make food with light, water and carbon dioxide.o Sentence: All green plants depend on photosynthesis to get the energy they need to grow. 4. organismo Definition: A living thing such as a plant, animal or bacteria.o Sentence: Every photosynthetic organism needs sunlight to start the food-making process. 5. chloroplasto Definition: A small part in plant cells that does photosynthesis and holds chlorophyll.o Sentence: Sunlight hits chloroplasts in plant cells and starts the photosynthesis reaction. 6. chlorophyllo Definition: The green substance in plants that absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis.o Sentence: Chlorophyll is the key pigment that makes plant leaves green and captures light energy. 7. pigmento Definition: A natural substance that gives color to plants, animals or other things.o Sentence: Chlorophyll is the most important pigment for plants to do photosynthesis. 8. moleculeo Definition: The smallest unit of a substance that keeps its basic properties.o Sentence: When light hits chlorophyll molecules, some electrons inside them become excited. 9. electrono Definition: A tiny part of an atom with a negative electrical charge.o Sentence: Excited electrons go through a series of reactions to turn light energy into chemical energy. 10. glucoseo Definition: A simple sugar that is the main energy source for living things.o Sentence: Plants turn carbon dioxide and water into glucose during the process of photosynthesis. 11. byproducto Definition: Something produced while making or doing another main thing.o Sentence: Oxygen is an essential byproduct that plants release during photosynthesis. 12. algaeo Definition: Simple small plants that grow in water, with no flowers or leaves.o Sentence: Algae and green plants both produce oxygen for the Earth through photosynthesis. 13. dissipateo Definition: To spread out and make energy, heat or light disappear gradually.o Sentence: Plants dissipate extra light energy as heat from their leaves to protect themselves. 14. radiateo Definition: To send out light, heat or energy in all directions from a source.o Sentence: Plants radiate extra light back into space at a different red wavelength. 15. fluorescenceo Definition: The soft light a substance gives off when hit by another kind of light.o Sentence: The mysterious red light from Earth is actually chlorophyll fluorescence from millions of plants. 16. ground stateo Definition: The normal, lowest energy state of an electron or an atom.o Sentence: Excited electrons fall back to their ground state and release energy in the form of light. 17. ecosystemo Definition: All living things in a place and their relationship with the environment.o Sentence: Scientists use satellite data to monitor the health of ecosystems all around the world. 18. infero Definition: To form an idea or conclusion based on the available information.o Sentence: We can infer the amount of oxygen produced from the level of chlorophyll fluorescence. 19. phytoplanktono Definition: Tiny floating plants in water that are vital for the ocean food chain.o Sentence: Scientists track phytoplankton growth by measuring chlorophyll fluorescence in the ocean. 20. droughto Definition: A long period with little or no rain, making the land dry and harmful to plants.o Sentence: Chlorophyll fluorescence can show the bad effects of drought on the Amazon rainforest.

2026-02-09 困难

How to enter a state of flow

Vocabulary1. predicto<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: To say that something will happen in the future, based on knowledge or experience.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in video: A tennis player wins the second set in a row and feels like she can predict her opponent's next move.2. opponento<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: A person who competes against another in a game, contest or argument.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in video: A tennis player wins the second set in a row and feels like she can predict her opponent's next move.3. chordo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Two or more musical notes played at the same time that sound pleasant together.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in video: A musician struggles to master chord progressions and breaks down when he makes mistakes.4. progressiono<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: A process of developing or moving gradually towards a more advanced state.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in video: A musician struggles to master chord progressions and breaks down when he makes mistakes.5. immersedo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: To involve oneself deeply in a particular activity or interest.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in video: Although these people are all immersed in different activities that require specific skills and knowledge, all three are experiencing what is called flow.6. uniqueo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Being the only one of its kind; unlike anything else.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in video: Although these people are all immersed in different activities that require specific skills and knowledge, all three are experiencing what is called flow—a unique mental state of effortless engagement.7. engagemento<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: The state of being involved with something or someone.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in video: Although these people are all immersed in different activities that require specific skills and knowledge, all three are experiencing what is called flow—a unique mental state of effortless engagement.8. productivityo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: The rate at which a person, company or machine produces goods or services.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in video: Further research has linked it to increased productivity, improved learning and academic performance.9. academico<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Relating to education and scholarship.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in video: Further research has linked it to increased productivity, improved learning and academic performance.10. psychologisto<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: A person who studies the human mind and human behaviour.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in video: Psychologists even define flow as an altered state of consciousness.11. consciousnesso<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: The state of being aware of and able to think and perceive things.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in video: Psychologists even define flow as an altered state of consciousness.12. distractedo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Unable to concentrate one's attention on something.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in video: Those in flow tend to feel effortlessly engaged in a task, time flies, and they are not easily distracted.13. procrastinationo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: The act of delaying or postponing something that needs to be done.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in video: In contrast to the cycle of procrastination, when it feels impossible to start an activity, in flow, it is hard to stop.14. recruito<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: To use or involve something or someone for a particular purpose.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in video: Physical activities like sports recruit the same brain regions as mental tasks like writing or math.15. intrinsico<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Belonging naturally to something or someone; inherent.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in video: For example, people often report finding flow when doing things they find intrinsically motivating—activities that have meaning, purpose or enjoyment for them.16. motivatingo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Providing someone with a reason for doing something; inspiring.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in video: For example, people often report finding flow when doing things they find intrinsically motivating—activities that have meaning, purpose or enjoyment for them.17. deterredo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: To prevent someone from doing something by making them realize the difficulties or unpleasant consequences of their actions.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in video: In other words, if a task is too easy, you may get distracted or bored; if it is too challenging, you may get deterred.18. fascinatingo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Extremely interesting or captivating.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in video: The classic fascinating game Tetris maintains a balance between skill and challenge level by increasing the speed at which blocks fall as players get better at the game.19. protocolo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: A set of rules or procedures for doing something.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in video: Although there is no single protocol that guarantees flow, there are steps you can take to increase your chances.20. parametero<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: A limit or boundary that defines the scope of a particular process or activity.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in video: If you find the task tedious, set additional parameters to raise the stakes—for example, when washing dishes, try to finish them within a certain time while keeping up with the beat of a song.

2026-02-08 困难

The most dangerous myth

Vocabulary1. colonisto<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: A person who settles in a new country or region, especially as part of a colonial force.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in context: European colonists claimed they settled on empty land in South Africa, ignoring the native communities living there.2. indigenouso<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in context: The indigenous people of South Africa had their own unique systems of land ownership for thousands of years.3. expropriateo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: To take property, especially land, from its owner for public use or benefit, often without fair payment.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in context: The colonial powers used violence to expropriate ancestral land from the native African communities.4. narrativeo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: A story or account of events, especially one that is constructed to support a particular view or ideology.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in context: Famous British historians supported the false narrative that South Africa was empty before European arrival.5. mytho<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: A widely held but false belief or idea; a traditional story that explains a belief or practice.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in context: The empty land myth was a key tool used by colonizers to justify their exploitation of South Africa.6. doctrineo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: A set of beliefs or principles held and taught by a group, especially a political or religious one.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in context: The so-called empty land doctrine was made up of three false arguments to legitimize colonial occupation.7. nomadico<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Relating to a group of people who travel from place to place to find pasture or food, rather than living in one fixed area.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in context: Community leaders assigned seasonal land rights to nomadic groups for grazing their cattle.8. infrastructureo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in context: The colonists claimed there was no agricultural infrastructure in South Africa, ignoring the native farming systems.9. exploito<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: To make use of a situation or resource in a way that is unfair or harmful to others.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in context: The European colonial governments exploited the rich natural resources of South Africa after they occupied the land.10. legitimizeo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: To make something legal, acceptable, or valid, especially something that is actually unjust.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in context: The Glen Grey Act was passed to legitimize the dispossession of land from African natives.11. dispossesso<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: To take away someone’s land, property, or rights, often by force or illegal means.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in context: The colonial laws were designed to dispossess the native people of their ancestral land ownership.12. oppressiono<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: The cruel or unjust exercise of power over a group of people, often involving discrimination and control.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in context: The system of apartheid in South Africa was a period of extreme racial oppression that lasted until the 1990s.13. apartheido<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: A former policy of racial segregation and discrimination enforced by the government of South Africa.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in context: The empty land myth laid the groundwork for policies that eventually led to apartheid.14. institutionalizeo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: To establish a practice, system, or belief as an official or accepted part of a society or organization.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in context: The colonizers institutionalized racism by passing laws that restricted the rights of African people.15. archaeologicalo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Relating to the study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and analysis of artifacts.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in context: South African scholars used archaeological evidence to correct the false colonial history of the region.16. legacyo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Something that is passed down or left behind by an ancestor, predecessor, or past event.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in context: The legacy of the empty land myth continues to affect South Africa even today, long after colonial rule ended.17. resilienceo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: The capacity to recover quickly from difficulties; toughness.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in context: The resistance movements in South Africa showed great resilience in their fight for political freedom throughout the 20th century.18. subjugationo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: The act of bringing someone or something under domination or control, often by force.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in context: The colonial education system emphasized the subjugation of African natives to white settlers.19. emancipateo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: To set free from legal, social, or political restrictions; to liberate.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in context: Other African countries continue to emancipate themselves from the harmful legacy of colonialism.20. ideologyo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: A system of ideas and ideals, especially one that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence in context: The colonial ideology of "empty land" was used to justify the theft of land and the oppression of native people.

2026-02-08 困难

The Rise and Fall of Italian Mercenaries

Vocabulary1. Condottierio<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Professional mercenary commanders and their armies in Renaissance Italy, who fought for the highest bidder.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: The condottieri dominated Italian warfare for nearly two centuries, treating battles as business transactions rather than fights for glory.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Video Link: The core term for the elite mercenaries discussed in the content.2. Mercenaryo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: A soldier who fights for pay rather than loyalty to a country or cause.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Unlike patriotic soldiers, mercenaries in 14th-century Italy switched allegiances easily to earn higher wages.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Video Link: The general label for the soldiers at the center of the video.3. Renaissanceo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: A period in European history (14th–17th centuries) marked by a revival of art, literature, and learning, centered in Italy.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: The Renaissance city-states of Italy relied heavily on mercenaries to settle their political rivalries.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Video Link: The historical background of the mercenaries’ rise.4. Allegianceo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Loyalty or commitment to a person, group, or cause.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: John Hawkwood showed no permanent allegiance, fighting for Pisa one year and Florence the next.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Video Link: Highlights the mercenaries’ lack of loyalty to any single state.5. Sackingo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: The act of looting or pillaging a town or city after capturing it.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Hawkwood led the sacking of rebellious towns, punishing them brutally for resisting local governments.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Video Link: Refers to the mercenaries’ violent tactics when contracted to suppress uprisings.6. Contractualo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Relating to or governed by a formal agreement between two or more parties.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: The mercenaries’ battles were strictly contractual—they fought only enough to fulfill their terms of service.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Video Link: Emphasizes that warfare was a business deal for these soldiers.7. Cessationo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: The stopping or ending of an activity or process.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: A temporary cessation of the Hundred Years’ War drove many soldiers to Italy to seek work as mercenaries.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Video Link: Explains the origin of foreign mercenaries in Italy.8. Annihilationo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Complete destruction or obliteration of a group or thing.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: The condottieri avoided battles that risked the annihilation of their troops, as their livelihood depended on keeping their army intact.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Video Link: Reflects the mercenaries’ strategy of avoiding high-risk fights.9. Pillagingo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Robbing or stealing goods violently, especially in times of war.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Before being hired as mercenaries, the former Hundred Years’ War soldiers survived by pillaging villages in France.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Video Link: Describes the soldiers’ actions before they were contracted by Italian city-states.10. Armisticeo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: A temporary truce or suspension of hostilities between warring parties.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: The 1360 armistice of the Hundred Years’ War left thousands of soldiers unemployed and eager for mercenary work.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Video Link: The key event that pushed foreign soldiers to Italy.11. Dominiono<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Control or rule over a territory or people.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Some successful condottieri used their military power to gain dominion over Italian cities and establish ruling dynasties.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Video Link: Notes how mercenaries transitioned from soldiers to rulers.12. Compensationo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Something given to make up for a service, loss, or injury; payment.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: For the mercenaries, compensation—not honor—was the primary motivation for fighting.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Video Link: Captures the core goal of the Italian mercenaries.13. Skirmisho<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: A short, minor fight between small groups of soldiers, especially one that is not part of a larger battle.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: The condottieri preferred skirmishes over full-scale battles to minimize casualties.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Video Link: Describes the typical low-intensity conflicts fought by mercenaries.14. Profitabilityo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: The ability to make a profit from an activity.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: The profitability of mercenary work attracted many young men in Italy who wanted to escape poverty.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Video Link: Explains why local Italians began joining mercenary armies.15. Cannonryo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Cannons collectively; artillery.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: The rise of cannonry in the 16th century made the condottieri’s close-combat tactics obsolete.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Video Link: One of the factors that led to the decline of mercenaries.16. Obsoleteo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: No longer useful or relevant because of new methods or technology.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Traditional mercenary warfare became obsolete as European powers adopted standing armies and gunpowder weapons.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Video Link: Describes the fate of the condottieri’s fighting style.17. Standing Armyo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: A permanent army maintained by a country in peace and war, paid by the government.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: The large standing armies of France and Spain eventually replaced the mercenary condottieri in Italy.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Video Link: A key reason for the mercenaries’ decline.18. Rivalryo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Competition between two or more parties for the same objective or superiority in the same field.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: The intense rivalry between Italian city-states created a constant demand for mercenary armies.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Video Link: The political context that fueled the mercenary industry.19. Reinforcemento<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Extra soldiers sent to strengthen an army or military force.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: The condottieri often refused to send reinforcements in battles, fearing unnecessary losses to their troops.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Video Link: Shows the mercenaries’ cautious approach to warfare.20. Legacyo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Something that is passed down or left behind by a person or group.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: The legacy of the Italian condottieri lives on in the history of modern mercenary warfare.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Video Link: Summarizes the long-term impact of the mercenaries discussed.

2026-02-08 困难

Science and pseudoscience

Vocabulary1. Pseudoscienceo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> English explanation: Ideas or methods that are wrongly thought to be based on scientific rules.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Homeopathy is often regarded as pseudoscience because it lacks solid scientific proof.2. Empiricalo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> English explanation: Based on real observation or experience, not just theory.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: The conclusion was drawn from empirical data collected through repeated tests.3. Hypothesiso<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> English explanation: A suggested idea that needs to be tested to see if it is true.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: The researcher put forward a hypothesis about the difference between science and pseudoscience.4. Falsifiableo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> English explanation: Capable of being proved wrong by experiment or observation.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: A good scientific theory must be falsifiable; otherwise, it cannot be properly tested.5. Anomalyo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> English explanation: Something that is different from what is normal or expected.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: The team found an anomaly in the test results that did not match their previous findings.6. Correlationo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> English explanation: A connection or relationship between two or more things.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: There is a correlation between people’s blind trust and the spread of pseudoscience.7. Causationo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> English explanation: The relationship where one thing directly causes another to happen.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: We should not confuse correlation with causation when analyzing scientific results.8. Methodologyo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> English explanation: The set of methods used to do research or achieve a goal.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: The professor explained the methodology of scientific research to the students.9. Paradigmo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> English explanation: A model or a way of thinking about something in a particular field.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: The discovery changed the paradigm of how we understand the natural world.10. Peer reviewo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> English explanation: The process of checking and evaluating a piece of work by experts in the same field.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Scientific papers usually go through a strict peer review before publication.11. Quantitativeo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> English explanation: Related to numbers and amounts that can be measured.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: The study used quantitative data like statistics to support its argument.12. Qualitativeo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> English explanation: Related to the quality or nature of something, not its quantity.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Qualitative analysis focuses on understanding the reasons behind people’s beliefs.13. Dogmao<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> English explanation: A belief that is accepted without being questioned.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: True scientists are willing to challenge old dogma and explore new possibilities.14. Reproducibilityo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> English explanation: The ability to repeat an experiment and get the same results.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Reproducibility is a key factor in judging whether a scientific result is reliable.15. Epistemologyo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> English explanation: The study of how we gain knowledge and what makes knowledge valid.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: The lecture discussed epistemology and how to tell scientific facts from opinions.16. Deterministico<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> English explanation: Describing a system where outcomes can be predicted exactly by known causes.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Some physical laws are deterministic, allowing us to forecast certain natural events.17. Stochastico<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> English explanation: Involving random chance and probability.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Weather prediction uses stochastic models because many factors are unpredictable.18. Confirmation biaso<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> English explanation: The tendency to accept information that supports one’s existing beliefs.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Confirmation bias makes people ignore facts that go against their trust in pseudoscience.19. Heuristico<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> English explanation: A practical way to solve problems, even if it is not perfect.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: The scientist used a heuristic approach to narrow down the possible research directions.20. Consensuso<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> English explanation: A general agreement among a group of people in the same field.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: There is a broad scientific consensus on the harmful effects of promoting pseudoscience.

2026-02-08 困难

Why does the battery life of a mobile phone deteriorate?

Vocabulary1. Rechargeable /ˌriːˈtʃɑːdʒəbl/o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Able to be charged again with electricity for reuse.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Most phone batteries are rechargeable and can be used hundreds of times.2. Disposable /dɪˈspəʊzəbl/o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Made to be used once and then thrown away.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Disposable batteries are not designed for repeated charging.3. Recycle /ˌriːˈsaɪkl/o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: To process used materials so they can be used again.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: We should recycle old batteries instead of throwing them away.4. Toxic /ˈtɒksɪk/o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Containing poison that can harm living things.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Broken batteries may leak toxic chemicals into the soil.5. Impurity /ɪmˈpjʊərəti/o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: A small amount of unwanted substance mixed in something else.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: The factory removes impurities to make the metal pure again.6. Resistance /rɪˈzɪstəns/o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: The force that slows down the flow of electric current.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Old batteries have higher resistance and work less efficiently.7. Efficient /ɪˈfɪʃnt/o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Working well without wasting time, energy or materials.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: A new battery is more efficient than a used one.8. Component /kəmˈpəʊnənt/o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: A part that combines with other parts to make a whole object.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Metal is an important component of most batteries.9. Process /ˈprəʊses/o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: A series of actions done to achieve a particular result.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Smelting is a process to purify metals from old batteries.10. Regulation /ˌreɡjuˈleɪʃn/o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: An official rule or law that controls how something is done.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: There are strict regulations for battery recycling in some countries.11. Resource /rɪˈsɔːs/o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: A substance that can be used for economic or practical purposes.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Lithium is a valuable resource for making phone batteries.12. Leak /liːk/o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: To allow liquid or gas to escape through a small hole.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Do not use a battery that starts to leak liquid.13. Structure /ˈstrʌktʃə/o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: The way the parts of something are arranged or put together.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Charging a disposable battery may damage its internal structure.14. Cycle /ˈsaɪkl/o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: A repeated series of events or actions.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: A phone battery can go through about 500 charge cycles before failing.15. Sustainable /səˈsteɪnəbl/o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Able to be continued without harming the environment.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Recycling batteries is a sustainable way to protect our planet.16. Damage /ˈdæmɪdʒ/o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Physical harm that makes something less useful or valuable.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Overcharging can damage your phone battery quickly.17. Extract /ɪkˈstrækt/o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: To get something from a substance by using a special process.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Workers extract lithium from ore to produce new batteries.18. Waste /weɪst/o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Materials that are no longer useful and are thrown away.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Improper battery disposal creates a lot of harmful waste.19. Function /ˈfʌŋkʃn/o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: The purpose or special activity that a thing is designed to do.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: The main function of a battery is to store and supply electricity.20. Decline /dɪˈklaɪn/o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: To become weaker, smaller or worse over time.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: A battery’s performance will decline after months of use.

2026-02-08 困难

Moral Dilemma: What Makes Life Valuable

Vocabulary1. irreversiblyo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: In a way that cannot be changed back to its original state.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Somehow, the entire source of neurons has been irreversibly damaged.2. contaminanto<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: A substance that makes something impure or harmful.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: It now releases a contaminant that lowers your species' fertility.3. fertilityo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: The ability to produce offspring.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: It now releases a contaminant that lowers your species' fertility.4. extincto<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: No longer existing.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: If your planet continues to rely on this resource, your people will be extinct within a hundred years.5. mineo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: To extract minerals or other resources from the earth or a celestial body.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Your scientists have discovered a passing comet they can mine for an alternative energy source called polyol salt.6. alternativeo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Available as another possibility or choice.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Your scientists have discovered a passing comet they can mine for an alternative energy source called polyol salt.7. sustaino<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: To maintain or support something over time.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: But it does not sustain cognition in exactly the same way.8. cognitiono<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: The mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: But it does not sustain cognition in exactly the same way.9. creativityo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: The use of imagination or original ideas to create something.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: With polyphosphates in the atmosphere instead of neurons, people will lose their creativity.10. heritageo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Features belonging to the culture of a particular society, such as traditions, languages, or buildings, that were created in the past and still have historical importance.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Eventually, your entire heritage will be lost.11. orbito<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: The curved path of an object around a star, planet, or moon.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: The polyol comet will only stay in orbit for a few days.12. administrativeo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Relating to the management of an organization or institution.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: So your society’s administrative council must decide immediately.13. splito<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Divided into different parts or groups.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Right now, the council is split, waiting for your tie-breaking vote.14. inherentlyo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: By its very nature.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Dr. Tayoff’s team does not believe future generations have any inherently right to exist.15. contributeo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: To give something, especially money or time, in order to achieve something or help someone.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: They also argue that on average, every member of your species contributes in small but constant ways to improving your people.16. maximizeo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: To make as large or great as possible.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Dr. Tayoff rejects the idea that maximizing happiness is the ultimate goal of life.17. ultimateo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Final or last; the best or most extreme of its kind.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Dr. Tayoff rejects the idea that maximizing happiness is the ultimate goal of life.18. fundamentallyo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: In a basic and important way.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Meanwhile, the advocates of polyol argue that choosing extinction is fundamentally immoral.19. immoralo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Not conforming to accepted standards of morality.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Meanwhile, the advocates of polyol argue that choosing extinction is fundamentally immoral.20. philosophicalo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: Relating to the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence.o<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Sentence: Exploring these classic philosophical questions is one of the video’s aims.

2026-02-08 困难

Which is more suitable for you, real meat or fake meat?

Vocabulary1. alternativeo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: something you can choose instead of another thingo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Example: A third of Americans tried plant-based meat alternatives last year.2. motivationo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: the reason why someone does somethingo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Example: Health and environmental benefits are people’s main motivation for eating fake meat.3. textureo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: the way something feels when you touch or eat ito<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Example: The fibrous texture of real meat comes from special proteins in muscle.4. imitateo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: to copy something to make it look or feel the sameo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Example: Factories use machines to imitate the texture of real meat with plant proteins.5. extracto<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: to take out a substance from something elseo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Example: Companies extract fats and oils from plants to make fake meat products.6. pigmento<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: a substance that gives color to somethingo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Example: Some brands add beet juice pigment to make fake meat turn brown when cooked.7. moleculeo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: a very small part that makes up all substanceso<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Example: Heme is an iron-containing molecule that gives fake meat a meaty taste.8. stem cello<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: a basic cell that can grow into different types of cellso<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Example: Lab-grown meat starts with animal stem cells that turn into muscle.9. replicateo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: to make an exact copy of somethingo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Example: It’s hard to replicate the real taste of meat with only plant materials.10. approximatelyo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: about, more or lesso<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Example: Livestock farming causes approximately 14.5% of human-related greenhouse gases.11. slaughtero<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: to kill an animal for foodo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Example: Cultivated meat is made by slaughtering animals, unlike lab-grown meat.12. chronico<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: (of a disease) lasting for a long timeo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Example: Eating too much red meat may raise the risk of chronic diseases like heart disease.13. contaminateo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: to make something dirty or harmfulo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Example: Traditional farming can contaminate waterways with pollutants.14. consumeo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: to eat or drink somethingo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Example: If people consume both real and fake meat, the environmental benefit will be small.15. potentialo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: possible to happen or exist in the futureo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Example: Lab-grown meat has the potential to be as nutritious as real meat.16. tissueo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: a group of cells that form part of an animal bodyo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Example: Real meat is made of muscle tissue, connective tissue and fat.17. scaleo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: the size or level of something, especially when it is growingo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Example: Lab-grown meat production may change when it is made on a larger scale.18. composeo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: to be formed from different partso<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Example: Plant-based meat is composed of proteins, carbs and fats from plants.19. impacto<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: the effect or influence that something haso<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Example: Switching to plant meat can reduce your environmental impact a lot.20. modifyo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Definition: to change something slightly to make it better or suitableo<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-variant-alternates: normal;font-size-adjust: none;font-kerning: auto;font-optical-sizing: auto;font-feature-settings: normal;font-variation-settings: normal;font-variant-position: normal;font-variant-emoji: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> Example: Factories modify plant proteins to make them look like real meat fibers.

2026-02-08 困难

英文

考试列表 222

How do cacti retain water?

How can a concubine become the ruler of Egypt?

The mysterious red light of the Earth

How to enter a state of flow

The most dangerous myth

The Rise and Fall of Italian Mercenaries

Science and pseudoscience

Why does the battery life of a mobile phone deteriorate?

Moral Dilemma: What Makes Life Valuable

Which is more suitable for you, real meat or fake meat?