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Why are there legends about dragons in so many cultures?

1. Mythologyo Definition: The collection of myths (traditional stories about gods, heroes, or supernatural beings) of a particular culture or religion.o Sentence: The video explores how dragon tales are rooted in the mythology of diverse civilizations, from China to Greece.2. Geological Mythologyo Definition: A field of study that examines the connection between myths and the geological features (e.g., volcanoes, fossils) of the regions where those myths originated.o Sentence: Geological mythology helps explain why many cultures have dragon legends—ancient people linked unusual rocks or fossils to mythical creatures.3. Prehistorico Definition: Relating to the period of time before written records were kept, especially when dinosaurs or early humans lived.o Sentence: Some scholars believe dragon stories were inspired by prehistoric animal fossils, like those of mastodons.4. Mastodono Definition: An extinct large mammal similar to an elephant, with long tusks and a shaggy coat, that lived during the Ice Age.o Sentence: Mastodon remains, including their large, sharp molars, have been found in Europe and may have influenced tales of fire-breathing dragons.5. Pleistoceneo Definition: A geological epoch (about 2.6 million to 11,700 years ago) known for ice ages and the presence of large mammals like mastodons and woolly mammoths.o Sentence: The Pleistocene deer skull fossils found in northern China may have shaped the image of Chinese dragons with antler-like features.6. Fossilo Definition: The remains or traces of ancient plants, animals, or organisms that have been preserved in rock or sediment for millions of years.o Sentence: When ancient people dug up fossils, they often created dragon myths to explain these mysterious "bones of giants."7. Geothermalo Definition: Relating to the heat that comes from deep inside the Earth (e.g., volcanoes, hot springs).o Sentence: Geothermal features like volcanoes may have inspired dragon myths about fire-breathing creatures, as smoke and lava seemed supernatural to early humans.8. Calcite Crystalso Definition: Colorless or white minerals (a form of calcium carbonate) that often form in rocks or fossils, sometimes appearing as shiny "gems."o Sentence: Legends of dragons with gemstone crowns might come from calcite crystals embedded in local fossils, which ancient people mistook for magical stones.9. Extincto Definition: No longer existing or living (used for species that have died out completely).o Sentence: Sivatherium, an extinct giraffe-like species, had unique bone structures that could have contributed to dragon descriptions in some cultures.10. Volcanic Cratero Definition: A bowl-shaped depression at the top of a volcano, formed by eruptions or the collapse of the volcano’s cone.o Sentence: The volcanic crater in southern Turkey, which emits natural gas, may have inspired stories of the Chimera—a fire-breathing monster from Greek mythology.11. Mythical Creatureo Definition: A fictional animal or being from myths or legends, often with supernatural powers (e.g., dragons, griffins, minotaurs).o Sentence: The video discusses how mythical creatures like dragons reflect the natural phenomena ancient people could not explain.12. Chimerao Definition: A mythical creature from Greek mythology with the body of a lion, the head of a goat, and a serpent’s tail, known for breathing fire.o Sentence: According to legend, the hero Bellerophon killed the Chimera by shoving a lead block into its fire-breathing throat.13. Titan (Typhon)o Definition: In Greek mythology, Typhon is a giant, fire-breathing Titan (a race of powerful deities) who fought Zeus for control of the universe.o Sentence: The scorched landscape of western Turkey, a result of ancient volcanic activity, may have been linked to the myth of Zeus’s battle with Typhon.14. Dinosaur Footprintso Definition: Impressions left by dinosaurs’ feet in mud or sediment, which later hardened into rock and became fossils.o Sentence: Huanglong Valley in China, one of the world’s richest sites for dinosaur footprints, is nicknamed "Dragon Valley" because of its connection to dragon legends.15. Griffino Definition: A mythical creature with the body of a lion and the wings and head of an eagle, often symbolizing strength and wisdom.o Sentence: Like dragons, griffins are a focus of geological mythology—some researchers think their image was inspired by fossilized remains of ancient animals.16. Minotauro Definition: A mythical creature from Greek mythology with the body of a man and the head of a bull, who lived in a labyrinth on the island of Crete.o Sentence: Geological mythology also investigates whether myths of the Minotaur relate to unusual rock formations or fossil finds on Crete.17. Meteorite Impact Cratero Definition: A crater formed when a meteorite (a rock from space) collides with the Earth’s surface.o Sentence: Ancient Aboriginal Dreamtime stories about a "star falling into a water hole" helped researchers locate a previously uncharted meteorite impact crater in Australia.18. Geological Timelineo Definition: A chronological sequence of events in the Earth’s history, including volcanic eruptions, fossil formation, and tectonic activity.o Sentence: Stories about Pele, the Hawaiian volcano goddess, helped scientists correct the geological timeline of Kilauea Volcano by re-dating its first collapse.19. Supernaturalo Definition: Relating to forces or phenomena that cannot be explained by science or natural laws (e.g., magic, gods, mythical creatures).o Sentence: Ancient people used dragon myths to make sense of supernatural-seeming events like tornadoes or volcanic eruptions.20. Phenomenon (pl. Phenomena)o Definition: An observable fact or event, especially one that is unusual or difficult to explain (e.g., storms, fossil finds).o Sentence: The universal presence of dragon myths across cultures is a phenomenon that geological mythology seeks to understand.

2025-10-06 困难

What is the cost of a private jet?

1. Private Jet (n.)o English Definition: A small airplane designed for use by a single person or a small group of people, usually owned or chartered for personal or business travel (not part of commercial airlines).o Sentence: Many entrepreneurs choose to charter a private jet to save time on business trips across different cities.2. Charter (v. / n.)o English Definition (v.): To rent a vehicle, especially an aircraft, for a specific purpose or period; (n.): A contract to rent such a vehicle.o Sentence (v.): The company chartered a private plane to fly its executives to the international conference.o Sentence (n.): The charter of the private jet includes in-flight catering and ground transportation services.3. Acquisition Cost (n.)o English Definition: The total cost to purchase an asset, including the purchase price, taxes, fees, and other expenses related to obtaining it.o Sentence: The acquisition cost of a mid-size private jet often exceeds $5 million, not counting additional customization fees.4. Maintenance (n.)o English Definition: The process of keeping something in good condition by checking, repairing, or cleaning it regularly.o Sentence: Private jet owners must budget for monthly maintenance, which includes engine checks and interior upkeep.5. Depreciation (n.)o English Definition: The decrease in the value of an asset over time due to wear, tear, or obsolescence.o Sentence: A new private jet can lose 20% of its value in the first year, so depreciation is a major long-term cost for owners.6. Catering (n.)o English Definition: The service of providing food and drinks for events, especially on aircraft, trains, or at parties.o Sentence: The private jet’s catering menu offers gourmet meals and premium wines tailored to the passengers’ preferences.7. Hangar (n.)o English Definition: A large building used for storing aircraft (such as planes or helicopters) when they are not in use.o Sentence: Renting a hangar at a major airport adds several thousand dollars to the annual cost of owning a private jet.8. Fuel Surcharge (n.)o English Definition: An extra fee added to the cost of a service (like air travel) to cover increases in fuel prices.o Sentence: The charter company added a $2,000 fuel surcharge to the bill because of rising global oil prices.9. Landing Fee (n.)o English Definition: A fee charged by an airport to an aircraft for the right to land and use its facilities.o Sentence: Landing fees at busy international airports can be as high as $10,000 for a large private jet.10. Crew Accommodations (n.)o English Definition: Housing, meals, or other living arrangements provided for the staff (such as pilots and flight attendants) of a vehicle like a private jet.o Sentence: The charter package includes crew accommodations at a nearby hotel when the jet is grounded overnight.11. Customization (n.)o English Definition: The process of modifying a product to meet a person’s specific needs or preferences.o Sentence: The billionaire spent $1 million on the customization of his private jet’s interior, including a home theater and a bedroom.12. Obsolescence (n.)o English Definition: The state of being no longer useful or relevant because newer, better alternatives exist.o Sentence: Technological obsolescence forces some private jet owners to upgrade their avionics systems every 5–7 years.13. Avionics (n.)o English Definition: Electronic systems used in aircraft, including navigation, communication, and flight control systems.o Sentence: Updating the avionics of an older private jet can cost over $300,000 to meet modern safety standards.14. Broker (n.)o English Definition: A person or company that arranges deals between buyers and sellers, especially for expensive assets like private jets.o Sentence: The private jet broker helped the client find a used aircraft that matched their budget and travel needs.15. Lease (v. / n.)o English Definition (v.): To rent an asset (like a private jet) for a fixed period in exchange for regular payments; (n.): The contract for such an arrangement.o Sentence (v.): Instead of buying, some companies lease private jets to avoid high upfront costs.o Sentence (n.): The 5-year lease of the private jet requires monthly payments of $25,000.16. Upkeep (n.)o English Definition: The work and money needed to keep something in good condition (similar to maintenance, but often focuses on ongoing care).o Sentence: The upkeep of a private jet includes regular cleaning, engine servicing, and replacement of worn parts.17. Tax Deduction (n.)o English Definition: An amount of money that can be subtracted from a person’s or company’s income before calculating the tax they owe.o Sentence: Some businesses use private jet expenses as a tax deduction if the aircraft is used for work-related travel.18. Payload (n.)o English Definition: The total weight of passengers, cargo, and fuel that an aircraft can carry.o Sentence: A small private jet typically has a payload of 1,500–2,000 pounds, limiting the number of passengers and luggage.19. Dealer (n.)o English Definition: A person or company that buys and sells specific goods, especially expensive items like private jets.o Sentence: The private jet dealer offered a warranty on the used aircraft to reassure the buyer about its condition.20. Ground Transportation (n.)o English Definition: Vehicles (like cars, limousines, or vans) used to transport people to or from an airport or aircraft.o Sentence: The charter service includes free ground transportation from the airport to the city center for all private jet passengers.

2025-10-06 困难

The Truth about Medusa with Serpents for Hair

1. Gorgon ·Definition: In Greek mythology, any of three monstrous sisters with snakes for hair, whose gaze could turn people to stone; Medusa was the only mortal one. ·Sentence: After being cursed by Athena, Medusa transformed into a Gorgon, making everyone afraid to look directly at her.2. Olympian ·Definition: A major god or goddess in Greek mythology who lives on Mount Olympus, such as Poseidon or Athena. ·Sentence: Poseidon, as an Olympian ruling the sea and horses, dared to violate Medusa in Athena’s sacred temple.3. Desecration ·Definition: The act of damaging or showing no respect for a sacred place, object, or tradition. ·Sentence: Athena was furious about the desecration of her shrine and took revenge, though she punished Medusa instead of Poseidon.4. Shrine ·Definition: A holy place dedicated to a god, goddess, or saint, where people go to worship. ·Sentence: Medusa used to take care of Athena’s shrine carefully, but her life changed forever after the incident with Poseidon there.5. Mortal ·Definition: (Of a person) destined to die; not living forever (opposite of "immortal," used for gods in mythology). ·Sentence: Unlike her two Gorgon sisters who were immortal, Medusa remained mortal, making her a target for heroes seeking fame.6. Prophecy ·Definition: A statement saying what will happen in the future, especially one made by someone with religious or magical powers. ·Sentence: Danaë’s father received a prophecy that his grandson would kill him, so he locked Danaë and Perseus in a chest and threw it into the sea.7. Reckless ·Definition: Not thinking about the possible dangers or effects of your actions; careless. ·Sentence: Perseus accepted the reckless mission of fetching Medusa’s head, even though many heroes had failed and died before him.8. Nymph ·Definition: In Greek mythology, a female spirit of nature who lives in places like forests, rivers, or mountains (e.g., the Styx Nymphs in the video). ·Sentence: With the help of the Styx Nymphs, Perseus obtained magical items like winged sandals and an invisibility cap.9. Invisibility Cap ·Definition: A magical hat that makes the person wearing it unable to be seen (a key item in Perseus’ quest). ·Sentence: When Medusa’s sisters woke up and attacked, Perseus put on his invisibility cap to escape unharmed.10. Sickle ·Definition: A tool with a curved blade used for cutting grass or grain; in the myth, Hermes gave Perseus a magical, shining sickle to kill Medusa. ·Sentence: Guided by Athena’s shield, Perseus swung the sickle and cut off Medusa’s head in one quick move.11. Shield ·Definition: A piece of armor carried on the arm to protect against attacks; Athena’s shield was like a mirror, helping Perseus avoid Medusa’s gaze. ·Sentence: Perseus never looked directly at Medusa—he used Athena’s shield as a mirror to find her position while she slept.12. Offspring ·Definition: A child or young animal produced by a particular parent or parents. ·Sentence: From Medusa’s wound after her death, her offspring—Pegasus the winged horse and Chrysaor the warrior—were born.13. Winged Sandals ·Definition: Magical sandals with wings that allow the wearer to fly (given to Perseus by the Nymphs). ·Sentence: Perseus wore the winged sandals to fly to Medusa’s hidden cave and escape quickly after killing her.14. Amulet ·Definition: An object believed to have magical powers that protect the person wearing it (Medusa’s head later became a protective amulet in art). ·Sentence: Ancient Greek and Roman artists carved Medusa’s head on armor as an amulet to ward off evil.15. Blasphemy ·Definition: The act of speaking or acting in a way that shows disrespect for God or sacred things (similar to "desecration," used for violating sacred spaces). ·Sentence: Poseidon’s act of violating Medusa in Athena’s temple was considered blasphemy, which angered the goddess greatly.16. Quest ·Definition: A long and difficult journey made to achieve a particular goal (often used in myths for heroes’ missions). ·Sentence: Perseus’ quest to get Medusa’s head was full of challenges, but he succeeded with the help of the gods.17. Immortal ·Definition: Living forever; never dying (used for gods or mythical beings like Medusa’s Gorgon sisters). ·Sentence: Medusa’s sisters Stheno and Euryale were immortal, so they could not be killed like Medusa.18. Ceremonial ·Definition: Relating to a ceremony, especially a religious or formal one (describing actions like worshiping in a temple). ·Sentence: Medusa performed ceremonial duties by taking care of Athena’s shrine every day before she was cursed.19. Retaliation ·Definition: The act of doing something harmful to someone because they have done something harmful to you (Athena’s punishment of Medusa was an act of retaliation for the shrine’s desecration). ·Sentence: Instead of punishing Poseidon, Athena chose retaliation against Medusa, turning her into a Gorgon.20. Pantheon ·Definition: A group of all the gods in a particular religion (e.g., the Greek pantheon includes Zeus, Poseidon, and Athena). ·Sentence: The story of Medusa involves several members of the Greek pantheon, each playing a role in her fate and Perseus’ quest.

2025-10-05 困难

Why is Rice So Popular

1. consumeo 釋義：to eat or drink something; to use up a resourceo 例句：If you were to place all the rice consumed each year on one side of a scale, and every person in the world on the other, the scale would tip heavily towards rice's favor.2. culinaryo 釋義：relating to cooking or food preparationo 例句：Korean bibimbap, Nigerian jollof, Indian biryani, Spanish paella, and countless other culinary masterpieces all begin with rice.3. humbleo 釋義：not thinking that you are better or more important than other people; simple and not expensive or fancyo 例句：So how did this humble grain end up in so many cuisines?4. domesticateo 釋義：to breed animals or grow plants so that they are suitable for use by humans, especially on a farmo 例句：The roots of rice go back thousands of years to when early farmers in Asia, Africa, and South America each independently domesticated the crop.5. nomadico 釋義：relating to a way of life in which people travel from place to place rather than living in one fixed homeo 例句：Over 10,000 years ago, nomadic hunters in the region began gathering and eating seeds from a weedy grass.6. aromatico 釋義：having a pleasant smell, especially of spices or herbso 例句：With each harvest, growers selected and replanted seeds from the rice plants that pleased them most—like those with bigger and more plentiful grains or aromatic flavors.7. millenniao 釋義：plural of "millennium", a period of 1,000 yearso 例句：Over millennia, thousands of varieties of Asian rice emerged.8. cornerstoneo 釋義：an important basic part of something that provides support for ito 例句：Asian rice, however, spread widely, and is now a cornerstone of diet and culture in Asia and beyond.9. ceremonyo 釋義：a formal event held to celebrate a particular occasion or to mark an important evento 例句：In India and Nepal, many Hindus mark an infant's transition to solid foods with a ceremony known as Annaprashan.10. temperateo 釋義：(of a climate) not too hot and not too cold, with four distinct seasonso 例句：The global expansion of rice cultivation was only possible because the plant can grow in many climates—from tropical to temperate.11. semi-aquatico 釋義：living or growing partly in water and partly on lando 例句：As a semi-aquatic plant, rice happily grows in submerged soils.12. submergedo 釋義：covered or underwatero 例句：As a semi-aquatic plant, rice happily grows in submerged soils.13. irrigationo 釋義：the process of supplying water to land or crops to help them grow, especially by means of channelso 例句：Rice covers 11% of global cropland, but uses over a third of the world's irrigation water.14. greenhouse gas emissionso 釋義：gases (such as carbon dioxide or methane) that trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming; the release of these gaseso 例句：This form of rice production also pumps out a surprising amount of greenhouse gas emissions.15. methanogenso 釋義：microorganisms that produce methane as a byproduct of their metabolism, usually living in environments without oxygeno 例句：Flooded fields are the perfect breeding grounds for microorganisms known as methanogens.16. potento 釋義：having a strong effect or influence; (of a chemical or drug) having a strong effecto 例句：Methanogens are the only organisms known to produce methane—a greenhouse gas 25 times more potent than carbon dioxide at trapping heat in the atmosphere.17. copiouso 釋義：large in amount or numbero 例句：In a flooded paddy field, methanogens set to work eating away at organic material in the submerged soil and multiplying rapidly, all the while releasing copious amounts of methane.18. human-causedo 釋義：resulting from the actions of humanso 例句：The result: rice cultivation contributes around 12% of human-caused methane emissions each year.19. sustainableo 釋義：able to be maintained at a certain rate or level without causing harm to the environment or using up resourceso 例句：Making rice growing more sustainable is just one of the many challenges we'll need to face to avoid catastrophic warming.20. catastrophico 釋義：causing sudden and very serious damage or suffering; disastrouso 例句：Making rice growing more sustainable is just one of the many challenges we'll need to face to avoid catastrophic warming.

2025-10-05 困难

A Brief History of Cheese

1. Neolithico Definition: Relating to the New Stone Age, a period of human history when people began farming and using stone tools (c. 8000–2000 BCE).o Sentence from video: "As early as 8000 BCE, the earliest Neolithic farmers living in the Fertile Crescent began a legacy of cheesemaking."o Example: Neolithic communities were among the first to settle permanently instead of moving as nomads.2. Fertile Crescento Definition: A curved region in Western Asia (including parts of modern Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Israel) where agriculture first developed, known for its rich soil.o Sentence from video: "the earliest Neolithic farmers living in the Fertile Crescent began a legacy of cheesemaking"o Example: The Fertile Crescent is often called the "cradle of civilization" because it gave rise to early farming societies.3. coagulateo Definition: (Of a liquid, especially blood or milk) to change from a liquid to a thickened or solid state.o Sentence from video: "Its lactic acids caused proteins to coagulate, binding into soft clumps."o Example: Adding lemon juice to milk makes its proteins coagulate, forming curds.4. wheyo Definition: The thin, watery liquid that separates from the solid curds when milk sours or is coagulated (used in food production or as animal feed).o Sentence from video: "Upon discovering this strange transformation, the farmers drained the remaining liquid – later named whey –"o Example: Whey protein powder, made from dried whey, is popular among athletes for muscle growth.5. curdso Definition: The thick, solid lumps formed when milk coagulates, used to make cheese.o Sentence from video: "These clumps, or curds, became the building blocks of cheese"o Example: Fresh curds can be eaten on their own or pressed and aged to make different types of cheese.6. ripenedo Definition: (Of cheese, fruit, or wine) left to mature over time to develop better flavor, texture, or quality.o Sentence from video: "which would eventually be aged, pressed, ripened, and whizzed into a diverse cornucopia of dairy delights."o Example: This blue cheese needs to be ripened for six months to achieve its sharp, tangy taste.7. cornucopiao Definition: A large quantity or variety of something; an abundant supply.o Sentence from video: "which would eventually be aged, pressed, ripened, and whizzed into a diverse cornucopia of dairy delights."o Example: The local market offers a cornucopia of fresh fruits and vegetables in summer.8. lactoseo Definition: A sugar present in milk and dairy products, which many people (especially adults) have difficulty digesting (lactose intolerance).o Sentence from video: "But it also contained high quantities of lactose – a sugar which is difficult to process for many ancient and modern stomachs."o Example: Lactose-free milk is treated with enzymes to break down lactose, making it easier to digest.9. residueso Definition: Small amounts of a substance that remain after the main part has been removed or used.o Sentence from video: "Some 7th millennium BCE pottery fragments found in Turkey still contain telltale residues of the cheese and butter they held."o Example: Scientists analyzed the pottery residues to learn what foods ancient people ate.10. Bronze Ageo Definition: A period of human history (c. 3300–1200 BCE) when bronze tools and weapons became widespread, following the Stone Age.o Sentence from video: "By the end of the Bronze Age, cheese was a standard commodity in maritime trade throughout the eastern Mediterranean."o Example: During the Bronze Age, civilizations like the Mycenaeans developed advanced metalworking skills.11. maritime tradeo Definition: Trade (buying and selling of goods) conducted by ships across seas or oceans.o Sentence from video: "By the end of the Bronze Age, cheese was a standard commodity in maritime trade throughout the eastern Mediterranean."o Example: Maritime trade between ancient Egypt and Greece helped spread culture and technology.12. Mesopotamiao Definition: An ancient region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (modern Iraq), where some of the first civilizations (e.g., Sumer, Babylon) developed.o Sentence from video: "In the densely populated city-states of Mesopotamia, cheese became a staple of culinary and religious life."o Example: Mesopotamian scribes invented cuneiform, one of the earliest writing systems.13. renneto Definition: A substance (usually from the stomach lining of young cows, goats, or sheep) that contains enzymes to speed up milk coagulation, used in cheesemaking.o Sentence from video: "Records from nearby civilizations in Turkey also reference rennet."o Example: Traditional cheddar cheese is made using rennet to form firm curds.14. nomadico Definition: Relating to a way of life where people move from place to place (e.g., to find food for livestock) instead of living in one permanent settlement.o Sentence from video: "Nomadic Mongolians used yaks’ milk to create hard, sundried wedges of Byaslag."o Example: Nomadic tribes in the Sahara Desert travel with their camels to find water and grass.15. paneero Definition: A fresh, soft cheese common in South Asian cuisine, made by coagulating milk with lemon juice or vinegar (not aged).o Sentence from video: "and then hung to dry into loafs of paneer."o Example: Paneer tikka masala is a popular Indian dish where cubed paneer is cooked in a spicy tomato sauce.16. brinedo Definition: (Of food) soaked or stored in a solution of salt and water (brine) to preserve it or add flavor.o Sentence from video: "The Greeks produced bricks of salty brined feta cheese,"o Example: Brined olives are a common appetizer in Mediterranean restaurants.17. pecorino romanoo Definition: A hard, salty Italian cheese made from sheep’s milk, often used for grating over pasta or salads.o Sentence from video: "alongside a harder variety similar to today’s pecorino romano."o Example: For an authentic flavor, sprinkle pecorino romano on your spaghetti carbonara instead of parmesan.18. caseus ariduso Definition: Latin term meaning "dry cheese," a type of hard, preserved cheese used as rations by Roman soldiers.o Sentence from video: "Under Roman rule, ‘dry cheese’ or ‘caseus aridus,’ became an essential ration for the nearly 500,000 soldiers"o Example: Caseus aridus was ideal for Roman soldiers because it did not spoil easily during long marches.19. Benedictine monasterieso Definition: Religious communities following the rules of St. Benedict (a 6th-century monk), where monks lived, prayed, and worked (including cheesemaking in medieval Europe).o Sentence from video: "In the hundreds of Benedictine monasteries scattered across Europe, medieval monks experimented endlessly with different types of milk"o Example: Benedictine monasteries were important centers of learning and agriculture in medieval Europe.20. Industrial Revolutiono Definition: A period (late 18th–early 19th centuries) when economies shifted from manual labor to machine-based manufacturing, transforming industry, agriculture, and society.o Sentence from video: "Cheese remained popular through the Renaissance, and the Industrial Revolution took production out of the monastery and into machinery."o Example: The Industrial Revolution introduced steam-powered machines that made cheese production faster and more efficient.

2025-10-05 困难

The History of Chocolate

1. Mesoamericao Definition: A historical region and cultural area in southern North America and most of Central America, including areas where ancient civilizations like the Maya and Aztecs lived.o Example (from video): Until then, chocolate only existed in Mesoamerica in a form quite different from what we know.2. cacaoo Definition: The tropical tree that produces cocoa beans, or the beans themselves (used to make chocolate).o Example (from video): As far back as 1900 BCE, the people of that region had learned to prepare the beans of the native cacao tree.3. concoctiono Definition: A mixture of various ingredients, especially one made in a way that is not standardized (often for food or drink).o Example (from video): not a relaxing cup of hot cocoa, but a bitter, invigorating concoction frothing with foam.4. frothingo Definition: Producing or covered with small bubbles (usually of liquid, like foam on a drink).o Example (from video): not a relaxing cup of hot cocoa, but a bitter, invigorating concoction frothing with foam.5. feathered serpent godo Definition: A mythological deity depicted as a snake with feathers, worshiped in many Mesoamerican cultures (e.g., Kukulkan, Quetzalcoatl).o Example (from video): They believed that cacao was a heavenly food gifted to humans by a feathered serpent god, known to the Maya as Kukulkan.6. transatlantico Definition: Relating to or crossing the Atlantic Ocean (between Europe and the Americas).o Example (from video): The first transatlantic chocolate encounter occurred in 1519 when Hernán Cortés visited the court of Moctezuma.7. salaciouso Definition: Containing or referring to sexual matters in a way that is meant to be shocking or exciting (often disapproving).o Example (from video): missionaries' salacious accounts of native customs gave it a reputation as an aphrodisiac.8. aphrodisiaco Definition: A food, drink, or substance that is believed to increase sexual desire.o Example (from video): missionaries' salacious accounts of native customs gave it a reputation as an aphrodisiac.9. ailmentso Definition: Minor physical illnesses or health problems (e.g., headaches, upset stomachs).o Example (from video): At first, its bitter taste made it suitable as a medicine for ailments, like upset stomachs.10. delicacyo Definition: A rare or expensive food item that is considered especially tasty or luxurious.o Example (from video): but sweetening it with honey, sugar, or vanilla quickly made chocolate a popular delicacy in the Spanish court.11. aristocratico Definition: Relating to aristocrats (people from the highest social class, usually with titles like lords or ladies).o Example (from video): And soon, no aristocratic home was complete without dedicated chocolate ware.12. cocoa presso Definition: A machine invented to separate cocoa butter from cocoa solids, a key tool in modern chocolate production.o Example (from video): The world of chocolate would change forever in 1828 with the introduction of the cocoa press by Coenraad van Houten of Amsterdam.13. cocoa buttero Definition: The natural fat extracted from cocoa beans, used to make chocolate, cosmetics, and other products.o Example (from video): Van Houten's invention could separate the cocoa's natural fat, or cocoa butter.14. chocolatiero Definition: A person or company that makes or sells chocolate products.o Example (from video): Not long after, a Swiss chocolatier named Daniel Peter added powdered milk to the mix.15. eliteo Definition: A small group of people with special skills, status, or power, considered better than the rest of a group.o Example (from video): By the 20th century, chocolate was no longer an elite luxury but had become a treat for the public.16. cultivationo Definition: The process of growing plants (especially crops like cocoa) for food, fuel, or other uses.o Example (from video): Meeting the massive demand required more cultivation of cocoa, which can only grow near the equator.17. horrifico Definition: Causing extreme fear, shock, or disgust (used to describe very bad events or situations).o Example (from video): Yet along with the growth of the industry, there have been horrific abuses of human rights.18. indentured laboro Definition: A system where a person works for a fixed period of time (usually to pay off a debt) in exchange for food, shelter, or other basics (often compared to slavery).o Example (from video): despite efforts from major chocolate companies to partner with African nations to reduce child and indentured labor practices.19. aurao Definition: A feeling or quality that seems to surround a person, place, or thing (often intangible, like "an aura of mystery").o Example (from video): Due to its colonial association with native cultures, combined with the power of advertising, chocolate retains an aura of something sensual.20. decadento Definition: Characterized by excessive indulgence in pleasure, luxury, or self-gratification (often used to describe rich foods like chocolate).o Example (from video): Due to its colonial association with native cultures, combined with the power of advertising, chocolate retains an aura of something sensual, decadent, and forbidden.

2025-10-04 困难

Why is Glass Transparent

1. binocularso Definition: An optical instrument with two lenses (one for each eye) used to make distant objects appear closer and larger.o Sentence from video: "You might want to grab a pair of binoculars, too, or a magnifying lens."o Example: We used binoculars to watch the birds nesting on the tall tree.2. magnifying lenso Definition: A convex lens that makes small objects look larger by bending light rays, often used for examining tiny details.o Sentence from video: "You might want to grab a pair of binoculars, too, or a magnifying lens."o Example: The scientist used a magnifying lens to study the structure of the insect’s wing.3. invisibleo Definition: Impossible to see; not visible to the human eye.o Sentence from video: "But have you ever wondered how something so solid can be so invisible?"o Example: The bacteria are invisible to the naked eye—you need a microscope to see them.4. Earth's crusto Definition: The thin, hard outer layer of the Earth, lying above the mantle, made of rocks and minerals.o Sentence from video: "It all begins in the Earth's crust, where the two most common elements are silicon and oxygen."o Example: Volcanoes erupt when magma from beneath the Earth's crust pushes through to the surface.5. silicono Definition: A chemical element (symbol Si) that is a hard, brittle metalloid; it is one of the most abundant elements in the Earth's crust and a key component of glass and semiconductors.o Sentence from video: "It all begins in the Earth's crust, where the two most common elements are silicon and oxygen."o Example: Silicon chips are used in almost all electronic devices, from smartphones to computers.6. oxygeno Definition: A chemical element (symbol O) that is a colorless, odorless gas; it is essential for most living things to breathe and is a key component of water and many minerals.o Sentence from video: "It all begins in the Earth's crust, where the two most common elements are silicon and oxygen."o Example: Plants produce oxygen during photosynthesis, which animals then use for respiration.7. silicon dioxideo Definition: A chemical compound (formula SiO₂) made of silicon and oxygen; it occurs naturally as quartz, sand, or flint, and is the main ingredient in most types of glass.o Sentence from video: "These react together to form silicon dioxide, whose molecules arrange themselves into a regular crystalline form known as quartz."o Example: Silicon dioxide is added to toothpaste to help clean teeth by scrubbing away plaque.8. crystallineo Definition: Having a regular, repeating atomic or molecular structure that forms a crystal (a solid with a clear, geometric shape).o Sentence from video: "These react together to form silicon dioxide, whose molecules arrange themselves into a regular crystalline form known as quartz."o Example: Salt and sugar are both crystalline solids—if you look closely, you can see their tiny cube-shaped crystals.9. quartzo Definition: A hard, common mineral made of silicon dioxide, with a crystalline structure; it is found in sand, rocks, and gemstones like amethyst.o Sentence from video: "These react together to form silicon dioxide, whose molecules arrange themselves into a regular crystalline form known as quartz."o Example: Quartz is often used in watches because it vibrates at a steady rate, which helps keep time accurately.10. rigidlyo Definition: In a stiff, inflexible way; not able to bend or change shape easily.o Sentence from video: "For one thing, the edges of the rigidly formed grains and smaller defects within the crystal structure reflect and disperse light that hits them."o Example: The old wooden door was rigidly fixed in place—we had to push hard to open it.11. defectso Definition: Small flaws, mistakes, or irregularities in the structure of a material (like a crystal) that change its properties.o Sentence from video: "For one thing, the edges of the rigidly formed grains and smaller defects within the crystal structure reflect and disperse light that hits them."o Example: The diamond had a few tiny defects, which made it less valuable than a perfect one.12. disperseo Definition: To spread out or scatter in different directions (used here to describe how light is scattered by irregular surfaces).o Sentence from video: "For one thing, the edges of the rigidly formed grains and smaller defects within the crystal structure reflect and disperse light that hits them."o Example: The wind dispersed the leaves across the yard, so we had to rake them up from all corners.13. amorphous solido Definition: A solid material whose molecules have a random, unordered structure (like a liquid that has "frozen" without forming crystals), e.g., glass or plastic.o Sentence from video: "Instead, as the molecules lose energy, they are less and less able to move into an ordered position, and the result is what is called an amorphous solid."o Example: Unlike ice (a crystalline solid), glass is an amorphous solid—its molecules don’t form a regular pattern.14. chaotico Definition: Having no order or pattern; disorganized and random.o Sentence from video: "A solid material with the chaotic structure of a liquid, which allows the molecules to freely fill in any gaps."o Example: The classroom was chaotic after the teacher left—students were talking loudly and moving around.15. subatomico Definition: Relating to particles that are smaller than an atom (e.g., electrons, protons, or photons).o Sentence from video: "For that, we need to go all the way down to the subatomic level."o Example: Subatomic particles like electrons are so small that we can’t see them even with a powerful microscope.16. nucleus (of an atom)o Definition: The small, dense center of an atom, made of protons and neutrons, which contains almost all of the atom’s mass.o Sentence from video: "You may know that an atom consists of a nucleus with electrons orbiting around it, but you may be surprised to know that it's mostly empty space."o Example: The nucleus of a hydrogen atom is the smallest—it has just one proton and no neutrons.17. electronso Definition: Tiny, negatively charged subatomic particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom and play a key role in chemical reactions and electricity.o Sentence from video: "You may know that an atom consists of a nucleus with electrons orbiting around it, but you may be surprised to know that it's mostly empty space."o Example: When you rub a balloon on your hair, electrons move from your hair to the balloon, making the balloon stick to walls.18. photonso Definition: Tiny packets (or "particles") of light energy that travel in waves; they carry light from sources like the sun or a lightbulb.o Sentence from video: "Absorbing one of those light photons passing through the atom can provide just the energy the electron needs."o Example: Solar panels work by converting photons from sunlight into electrical energy.19. ultraviolet lighto Definition: A type of invisible light with a shorter wavelength and higher energy than visible light; it comes from the sun and can cause sunburn or damage skin cells.o Sentence from video: "Photons from ultraviolet light, on the other hand, give just the right amount of energy, and are absorbed, which is why you can't get a suntan through glass."o Example: You should wear sunscreen to protect your skin from harmful ultraviolet light when you’re outside.20. civilizationo Definition: A complex human society with advanced culture, technology, cities, and organized systems (like government or education).o Sentence from video: "It is hard to imagine modern civilization without glass."o Example: Ancient civilizations like the Egyptians and Romans developed advanced technologies, such as pyramids and aqueducts.

2025-10-04 困难

How Did Ancient Civilizations Make Ice Cream

1. Directiveo Definition: An official instruction or order.o Sentence in Video: Their directive was to retrieve a poison pill from the freezer and slip it into the chocolate milkshake of Fidel Castro.2. Retrieveo Definition: To get or bring back something from a particular place.o Sentence in Video: Their directive was to retrieve a poison pill from the freezer and slip it into the chocolate milkshake of Fidel Castro.3. Slip (into)o Definition: To put something somewhere quietly or secretly, so that no one notices.o Sentence in Video: Their directive was to retrieve a poison pill from the freezer and slip it into the chocolate milkshake of Fidel Castro.4. Devouro Definition: To eat something quickly and eagerly, in large amounts.o Sentence in Video: the Cuban leader who was known to devour up to 18 scoops of ice cream after lunch.5. Contestedo Definition: Argued about or disagreed on; not accepted as true by everyone.o Sentence in Video: While exact details of the story are contested, it's rumored that the pill, however, froze to the freezer coils and broke.6. Foilingo Definition: Preventing someone from achieving their aim or plan; ruining a plan.o Sentence in Video: foiling the CIA’s plan and granting Castro many more days to satiate his sweet tooth.7. Satiateo Definition: To satisfy a desire or need fully, so that you no longer feel it.o Sentence in Video: foiling the CIA’s plan and granting Castro many more days to satiate his sweet tooth.8. Delicacieso Definition: Rare or expensive foods that are considered especially nice to eat.o Sentence in Video: And finding the means to freeze these delicacies wasn’t always easy.9. Treko Definition: To make a long, difficult journey on foot, especially over rough ground.o Sentence in Video: Wealthy Mediterranean nobility sent laborers to trek up high mountains to harvest glacial ice and snow.10. Glacialo Definition: Relating to glaciers (large masses of ice that move slowly over land).o Sentence in Video: Wealthy Mediterranean nobility sent laborers to trek up high mountains to harvest glacial ice and snow.11. Insulatedo Definition: Protected from heat, cold, or electricity by a special material; kept at a steady temperature.o Sentence in Video: Meanwhile, ancient Persians built shallow insulated pools of water and utilized a technique known as sky cooling.12. Utilizedo Definition: To use something in an effective way.o Sentence in Video: Meanwhile, ancient Persians built shallow insulated pools of water and utilized a technique known as sky cooling.13. Ambiento Definition: Relating to the surrounding area or environment; existing around you.o Sentence in Video: causing them to dip below the ambient temperature and freeze.14. Sherbeto Definition: A frozen dessert made from fruit juice, sugar, and water (often lighter than ice cream, with no or little cream).o Sentence in Video: It was originally inspired by sherbet, or sharbat in Arabic, an icy drink believed to have originated in Persia.15. Subsequentlyo Definition: After something else; later.o Sentence in Video: an icy drink believed to have originated in Persia, and subsequently gained popularity in the Middle Ages.16. Laboriouso Definition: Requiring a lot of time and effort; hard work.o Sentence in Video: Yet it was still mainly enjoyed by the upper classes as the process to make it was quite laborious.17. Patentedo Definition: To obtain an official right to be the only person or company allowed to make, use, or sell a new invention or product.o Sentence in Video: In Philadelphia in 1843, Nancy Johnson patented a revolutionary ice cream-making machine featuring a crank and beater.18. Therapeutico Definition: Relating to the treatment of physical or mental illness; having a healing effect.o Sentence in Video: a drink thought to have therapeutic properties at the time, with ice cream.19. Pivoted (to)o Definition: To change direction or focus; to start doing something different (especially in business).o Sentence in Video: and breweries like Anheuser-Busch and Yuengling pivoted to producing ice cream.20. Thaw (metaphorical)o Definition: (Here, metaphorical) To lose strength or intensity; to stop being strong.o Sentence in Video: one thing is certain: our love for ice cream will never thaw.

2025-10-04 困难

How Tsunamis Work

1. besiegeo Definition: To surround a place with armed forces in order to capture it or force those inside to surrender.o Sentence: In 479 BC, Persian soldiers besieged the Greek city of Potidaea, hoping to take control of it.2. retreat (as a verb, in the context of tide)o Definition: (Of the sea, tide, etc.) to move back from the shore.o Sentence: Before the tsunami hit, the tide retreated much farther than usual, exposing parts of the seabed.3. stroke of lucko Definition: An unexpected piece of good fortune.o Sentence: The Persian soldiers thought the exposed seabed was a stroke of luck for their invasion, but it was a warning sign of a tsunami.4. wratho Definition: Extreme anger, especially when felt by a powerful person or god.o Sentence: The Potidaeans believed they were saved by the wrath of Poseidon, the Greek god of the sea.5. phenomenon (plural: phenomena)o Definition: A fact or event in nature or society that can be observed and studied.o Sentence: The tsunami is a natural phenomenon caused by underwater energy release.6. tidalo Definition: Relating to the tide (the regular rise and fall of the sea).o Sentence: Tsunamis are not tidal waves—they have no connection to the tidal forces of the Sun and Moon.7. gravitationalo Definition: Relating to gravity (the force that pulls objects towards the center of the Earth or other planets).o Sentence: Tidal activity is driven by the gravitational forces of the Sun and Moon acting on the Earth’s oceans.8. trough (in the context of waves)o Definition: The lowest point between two waves, especially between the crests of a tsunami or ocean wave.o Sentence: If the trough of a tsunami reaches the shore first, the water will withdraw before the huge wave hits.9. crest (in the context of waves)o Definition: The highest point of a wave.o Sentence: The crest of the tsunami that hit Potidaea was higher than anyone had ever seen, drowning the Persian soldiers.10. displace (in the context of water)o Definition: To move water from its usual position, especially by pushing or forcing it aside.o Sentence: Underwater earthquakes displace large amounts of water, creating the energy needed for a tsunami.11. ripple outwardso Definition: To spread out in a series of small waves or vibrations, moving away from a central point.o Sentence: After gravity pulls displaced water back down, energy ripples outwards horizontally, forming a tsunami.12. detectableo Definition: Able to be noticed or discovered.o Sentence: When a tsunami is far from shore, it is barely detectable because it moves through the entire depth of the ocean.13. shallow (in the context of water)o Definition: (Of water) not deep.o Sentence: Tsunamis change dramatically when they reach shallow water near the coast.14. wave shoalingo Definition: A process where waves slow down and increase in height as they move from deep to shallow water.o Sentence: Wave shoaling causes tsunamis to grow up to 100 feet tall when they approach coastal areas.15. compressed (in the context of energy)o Definition: Pressed or squeezed together, making something smaller or more concentrated.o Sentence: In shallow water, the tsunami’s massive energy is compressed, leading to a sudden rise in wave height.16. low-lyingo Definition: (Of land) lying at a low level relative to the surrounding area, especially near water.o Sentence: Low-lying coastal areas are at the highest risk of destruction when a tsunami hits, as the water can travel miles inland.17. debriso Definition: Scattered pieces of waste or remains, especially from something that has been destroyed.o Sentence: After the tsunami, retreating water dragged debris—like broken buildings and trees—back into the ocean.18. seismico Definition: Relating to earthquakes or other vibrations of the Earth’s crust.o Sentence: Scientists monitor seismic activity underwater to detect earthquakes that might trigger tsunamis.19. divert (in the context of water)o Definition: To change the direction of water so that it flows somewhere else.o Sentence: Some coastal regions build channels to divert tsunami water away from populated areas, though this method is not always effective.20. alert (as a noun)o Definition: A warning that something dangerous or unpleasant might happen.o Sentence: Global communication networks help distribute tsunami alerts quickly, giving people time to evacuate.

2025-10-04 困难

How do Tornadoes Form

1. Tornadoo Definition: A rapidly rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground, often visible as a funnel-shaped cloud and capable of destroying buildings and uprooting trees.o Sentence (from video): "Tornadoes are rapidly rotating columns of air that form inside storms that connect with the ground via a funnel of cloud."2. Supercello Definition: An extremely large, powerful, and long-lasting thunderstorm characterized by a rotating updraft (mesocyclone), which often produces tornadoes, large hail, and strong winds.o Sentence (from video): "These are especially powerful, towering thunderstorms called supercells."3. Mesocycloneo Definition: A large-scale rotating air mass within a supercell thunderstorm, typically 2–10 miles in diameter, that serves as the precursor to a tornado.o Sentence (from video): "When all these things are in place, a vortex can develop enclosed by the storm... We call this a mesocyclone."4. Updrafto Definition: A current of air moving upward, especially in the atmosphere, often associated with storms and responsible for lifting moisture and creating cloud formation.o Sentence (from video): "Condensation releases heat, and heat becomes the energy that drives huge upward drafts of air."5. Downdrafto Definition: A current of air moving downward, especially in the atmosphere, often occurring alongside updrafts in storms and contributing to storm instability.o Sentence (from video): "Outside, cool, dry, sinking air starts to wrap around the back of this mesocyclone, forming what's known as a rear flank downdraft."6. Rear Flank Downdraft (RFD)o Definition: A specific type of downdraft in a supercell thunderstorm that flows around the back of the mesocyclone, creating temperature differences and helping to intensify tornado formation.o Sentence (from video): "Outside, cool, dry, sinking air starts to wrap around the back of this mesocyclone, forming what's known as a rear flank downdraft."7. Vortexo Definition: A mass of fluid (such as air or water) that spins around a central axis, creating a swirling motion; in meteorology, it refers to rotating air masses like mesocyclones or tornadoes.o Sentence (from video): "When all these things are in place, a vortex can develop enclosed by the storm, and forming a wide, tall tube of spinning air that then gets pulled upwards."8. Funnel (Cloud)o Definition: A narrow, tapering column of cloud that extends downward from a thunderstorm, often a sign that a tornado is forming (it becomes a tornado once it touches the ground).o Sentence (from video): "Tornadoes are rapidly rotating columns of air that form inside storms that connect with the ground via a funnel of cloud."9. Condensationo Definition: The process by which water vapor in the air turns into liquid water, forming clouds, dew, or rain; this process releases heat, which fuels storm energy.o Sentence (from video): "Any storm is formed when condensation occurs, the byproducts of the clouds. Condensation releases heat..."10. Instability (Atmospheric)o Definition: A condition in the atmosphere where warm, moist air near the ground is less dense than cooler air above, causing the warm air to rise rapidly and fuel storm development.o Sentence (from video): "This unusual scenario creates a stark temperature difference... building up a level of instability that allows a tornado to thrive."11. Meteorologisto Definition: A scientist who studies the atmosphere, weather patterns, and climate, and who forecasts weather conditions or researches atmospheric phenomena like tornadoes.o Sentence (from video): "Even so, meteorologists and storm chasers like me will remain on the lookout..."12. Storm Chasero Definition: A person who actively pursues severe storms (such as tornadoes, hurricanes, or thunderstorms) to observe, photograph, or study them for scientific or educational purposes.o Sentence (from video): "They call me the tornado chaser. When the wind is up and conditions are right, I get in my car and follow violent storms."13. Phenomena (pl. of Phenomenon)o Definition: Observable events or occurrences in nature or society; in science, it refers to a fact or event that can be studied to understand its cause or effects.o Sentence (from video): "Because of this, there's a great deal of research into these phenomena, but the truth is, there's still a lot we don't know about how tornadoes form."14. Momentumo Definition: The force or speed of movement of an object or system; in meteorology, it refers to the continued strength or forward motion of a storm.o Sentence (from video): "When the temperature difference disappears and conditions grow more stable... the once fierce parent storm loses momentum and draws its tornado back inside."15. Threato Definition: A potential danger or risk to something or someone; in the context of storms, it refers to the harm (to life or property) that a tornado or severe weather could cause.o Sentence (from video): "When that happens, they tear across the Earth, posing a huge threat to life and property."16. Brewing (of Storms)o Definition: Developing or forming gradually, often used to describe a storm that is starting to take shape in the atmosphere.o Sentence (from video): "But we have learned a lot since people first started recording tornadoes, like how to recognize the signs when one is brewing in the sky."17. Moistureo Definition: Small amounts of water present in the air, soil, or other substances; in meteorology, atmospheric moisture (water vapor) is essential for cloud and storm formation.o Sentence (from video): "Finally, at the storm's base, if there is a lot of moisture, a huge cloud base develops, giving the tornado something to feed off later..."18. Towering (of Clouds/Storms)o Definition: Extremely tall or high-reaching, used to describe large, imposing storm clouds that extend far into the atmosphere.o Sentence (from video): "These are especially powerful, towering thunderstorms called supercells."19. Hailstoneso Definition: Small, hard balls or irregular lumps of ice that fall from thunderstorms, formed when raindrops are repeatedly lifted and frozen in updrafts within the storm.o Sentence (from video): "Reaching up to over 50,000 feet, they bring high force winds, giant hailstones, sometimes flooding and great flashes of lightning, too."20. Forecast (v.)o Definition: To predict or estimate future weather conditions based on scientific data, observations, and atmospheric patterns.o Sentence (from video): "...clues that we can measure and look out for when we're trying to forecast a storm."

2025-10-04 困难

英文

考试列表 109

Why are there legends about dragons in so many cultures?

What is the cost of a private jet?

The Truth about Medusa with Serpents for Hair

Why is Rice So Popular

A Brief History of Cheese

The History of Chocolate

Why is Glass Transparent

How Did Ancient Civilizations Make Ice Cream

How Tsunamis Work

How do Tornadoes Form