英文

考试列表 222

How teeth evolved?

1. Repairo Definition: To fix something that is broken, damaged, or not workingproperly.o Sentence: My phone screen cracked yesterday, so I need to take it to a shopto repair it this weekend. 2. Damageo Definition: Harm or injury that makes something less useful, valuable, orable to work.o Sentence: Heavy rain caused damage to the old roof, and now water leaksinto the living room when it rains. 3. Produceo Definition: To make or create something, especially goods, food, or naturalsubstances.o Sentence: This small farm produces fresh vegetables every summer and sellsthem at the local market. 4. Activeo Definition: Still working, functioning, or doing things; not stopped orinactive.o Sentence: My grandfather is 70 years old but still active—he goes for a walkevery morning and gardens on weekends. 5. Resisto Definition: To fight against something or someone; to not be affected bysomething.o Sentence: This new fabric resists water, so you won’t get wet if you wearthis jacket in light rain. 6. Shattero Definition: To break suddenly into many small pieces, usually because of ahard hit.o Sentence: Be careful with that glass bowl—it will shatter if you drop it onthe stone floor. 7. Scratcho Definition: To make a thin, shallow mark on the surface of something with asharp object. o Sentence: My cat scratched the wooden table with its claws, leaving smallmarks on the surface. 8. Traceo Definition: To find the origin or development of something; to show thatsomething comes from a particular source.o Sentence: Scientists can trace this ancient tradition back to a small village inthe north of the country. 9. Adapto Definition: To change your behavior or something’s form to fit newconditions or needs.o Sentence: Animals in the desert have adapted to the hot weather bysleeping during the day and moving at night. 10. Sharpo Definition: Having a thin edge or point that can cut or pierce things easily;not dull.o Sentence: This knife is too dull to cut vegetables—can you help me make itsharp again? 11. Idealo Definition: Perfect for a particular purpose or situation.o Sentence: This quiet park is an ideal place to read a book on a sunnyafternoon. 12. Tinyo Definition: Very small in size or amount.o Sentence: There are tiny insects on the leaves of the plant—you need amagnifying glass to see them clearly. 13. Widtho Definition: The measurement of how wide something is, from one side tothe other.o Sentence: The width of this table is 1 meter, so it can fit easily in the cornerof the room. 14. Surviveo Definition: To continue to live or exist, especially after a difficult ordangerous situation.o Sentence: The little bird fell from its nest but managed to survive with thehelp of a kind neighbor. 15. Unique o Definition: Being the only one of its kind; unlike anything else.o Sentence: Each person has a unique fingerprint—no two people in the worldhave the same one. 16. Evidenceo Definition: Facts, signs, or objects that show that something is true or hashappened.o Sentence: The police found footprints near the door, which was evidencethat someone had broken into the house. 17. Returno Definition: To go back to a place where you were before; to give somethingback to its owner.o Sentence: I will return this book to the library tomorrow because it’s duetoday.18. Crusho Definition: To press something hard so that it breaks or becomes flat; tomake something into small pieces.o Sentence: Can you crush these cookies into small bits? I want to use them tomake a cake topping. 19. Diverseo Definition: Having many different types of people or things.o Sentence: The city has a diverse population—people from over 50 countrieslive here.20. Supporto Definition: To help someone or something by giving money, time, or effort;to agree with and encourage an idea.o Sentence: My family always supports my dreams—they helped me savemoney to go to art school.

2025-12-23 困难

How does our digestive system work?

1. Digestive systemo Definition: The group of organs in the body that work together to breakdown food into nutrients and energy, and eliminate waste.o Sentence: The video clearly explains how each part of the digestive systemcontributes to processing the food we eat. 2. Organo Definition: A part of the body (such as the heart, liver, or stomach) that hasa specific structure and performs a particular function to keep the bodyworking.o Sentence: The digestive system consists of 10 key organs, including thestomach and intestines. 3. Specialized cello Definition: A type of cell that has a unique structure and function, adaptedto carry out specific tasks in the body (e.g., cells that secrete enzymes).o Sentence: The digestive system contains over 20 types of specialized cells,each designed for roles like breaking down food molecules. 4. Nutriento Definition: A substance (such as protein, carbohydrate, or vitamin) in foodthat is necessary for the body’s growth, repair, and energy production.o Sentence: The main job of the digestive system is to turn food into nutrientsthat can be absorbed by the body. 5. Glando Definition: An organ in the body that produces and releases substances (likesaliva, hormones, or enzymes) for specific purposes.o Sentence: When we anticipate delicious food, glands in the mouth startsecreting saliva to prepare for digestion. 6. Salivao Definition: The watery liquid produced by glands in the mouth that helpsmoisten food, start breaking down starches, and make swallowing easier.o Sentence: Humans produce about 1.5 liters of saliva every day, which plays avital role in the initial stage of digestion. 7. Esophaguso Definition: The narrow tube that connects the mouth to the stomach, through which food travels after being swallowed.o Sentence: After chewing, the food moves down the 2.5-centimeter-longesophagus into the stomach. 8. Peristalsiso Definition: A series of wave-like muscle contractions that push food, liquids,or waste through the digestive tract (especially the esophagus andintestines).o Sentence: Nerves around the esophagus sense the food bolus and triggerperistalsis to move it toward the stomach. 9. Muscle contractiono Definition: The process where muscle fibers shorten or tighten to createmovement (e.g., pushing food through the digestive system).o Sentence: Peristalsis relies on coordinated muscle contractions to ensurefood does not get stuck in the esophagus. 10. Enzymeo Definition: A protein produced by the body that speeds up chemicalreactions (e.g., breaking down starches, proteins, or fats in food).o Sentence: Enzymes in saliva start breaking down starches in food as soon asit enters the mouth. 11. Hormoneo Definition: A chemical substance produced by glands in the body that travelsthrough the blood to regulate specific functions (e.g., digestion, growth).o Sentence: Hormones secreted on the surface of the food bolus trigger therelease of acid in the stomach and prepare other organs for digestion. 12. Pancreaso Definition: A gland located behind the stomach that produces digestiveenzymes and hormones (like insulin) to regulate blood sugar and breakdown food.o Sentence: The pancreas, along with the liver and gallbladder, producesdigestive fluids that help break down fats and proteins. 13. Gallbladdero Definition: A small organ under the liver that stores bile (a liquid that helpsdigest fats) and releases it into the small intestine when needed.o Sentence: The liver sends bile to the gallbladder, which then secretes it intothe duodenum to dissolve fats. 14. Bile o Definition: A yellow-green liquid produced by the liver (stored in thegallbladder) that helps break down fats in the small intestine.o Sentence: Bile plays a key role in digestion by dissolving floating fats so theycan be easily broken down by enzymes. 15. Small intestineo Definition: The long, narrow tube (after the stomach) where most digestionand absorption of nutrients (from food) takes place.o Sentence: The small intestine is the main site of digestion, where fats,proteins, and carbohydrates are broken down into absorbable molecules. 16. Duodenumo Definition: The first part of the small intestine (connected to the stomach)where bile and digestive enzymes mix with food to start breaking down fatsand proteins.o Sentence: The gallbladder secretes bile into the duodenum, where it workswith pancreatic fluids to digest fats. 17. Villio Definition: Tiny, finger-like projections lining the inside of the small intestinethat increase the surface area for absorbing nutrients into the blood.o Sentence: The small intestine’s villi create a large surface area (30-40 squaremeters) to maximize the absorption of nutrients. 18. Colon (Large intestine)o Definition: The long, thick tube (after the small intestine) that absorbs waterfrom undigested food and forms waste (feces) to be eliminated.o Sentence: Fiber, water, and dead cells from digestion move into the colon,where most remaining liquid is removed. 19. Feceso Definition: The solid waste product of digestion that is formed in the colonand eliminated from the body through the anus.o Sentence: After water is absorbed in the colon, the remaining materialbecomes feces, which is stored in the rectum until elimination. 20. Rectumo Definition: The last part of the large intestine (before the anus) that storesfeces until the body is ready to eliminate waste.o Sentence: Nerves in the rectum sense when it is expanding with feces andsignal the body that it is time to expel waste.

2025-12-23 困难

How do fish generate electricity?

1. Explorero Definition: (n.) A person who travels to new/unknown places to learnabout them.o Sentence: In 1800, the explorer Alexander von Humboldt saw electric eelsjump out of the water. 2. Witnessedo Definition: (v.) Saw something happen with one’s own eyes.o Sentence: Humboldt witnessed electric eels leaping to protect themselvesfrom running horses. 3. Unusualo Definition: (adj.) Not common; different from what usually happens.o Sentence: Most people thought Humboldt’s story about eels was toounusual to be true. 4. Rareo Definition: (adj.) Not happening often; uncommon.o Sentence: Using electricity to stun prey is a rare ability in electric fish.5. Specieso Definition: (n.) A group of similar animals/plants that can have babiestogether.o Sentence: Nearly 350 species of fish can make and sense electric signals.6. Divideo Definition: (v.) To split something into different groups.o Sentence: Scientists divide these fish into two groups based on how muchelectricity they make. 7. Generateo Definition: (v.) To create or produce something (like electricity).o Sentence: Weakly electric fish can generate up to 1 volt of electricity.8. Nervous Systemo Definition: (n.) The body parts that send messages between the brain andother areas.o Sentence: The fish’s brain sends signals to its electric organ via its nervous system.9. Detecto Definition: (v.) To find or notice something hard to see.o Sentence: The fish can detect changes in its electric field from other fish orobjects.10. Elongatedo Definition: (adj.) Longer than normal; stretched out.o Sentence: Peter’s elephantnose fish has an elongated chin to sense otherfish’s signals. 11. Attacko Definition: (v.) To use force to catch or hurt something (like prey).o Sentence: Weakly electric fish can’t generate enough electricity to attackprey.12. Paralyzeo Definition: (v.) To make an animal unable to move (usually for a shorttime).o Sentence: Electric eels use a two-step attack to find and paralyze theirprey.13. Bursto Definition: (n.) A short, sudden release of something (like electricity).o Sentence: First, electric eels send a burst of strong electricity (up to 600volts).14. Spasmo Definition: (n.) A sudden, uncontrollable muscle movement.o Sentence: The electricity makes the prey’s muscles have spasms, revealingits hiding place. 15. Mysteryo Definition: (n.) Something people can’t explain yet.o Sentence: Why electric fish don’t shock themselves is still a mystery forscientists.16. Occupyo Definition: (v.) To take up space in a place.o Sentence: Electric catfish’s electric organs occupy most of their torso.17. Navigate o Definition: (v.) To find one’s way through a place (like dark water).o Sentence: Electric eels use signals to navigate and communicate in darkwater.18. Swallowo Definition: (v.) To take food/drink into the stomach through the mouth.o Sentence: After paralyzing prey, electric eels can swallow it whole.19. Releaseo Definition: (v.) To let out something (like electricity).o Sentence: Electric catfish can release up to 350 volts of electricity.20. Revealo Definition: (v.) To show something that was hidden.

2025-12-23 困难

The complex history of surfing

1. Polynesiao Definition: A large group of islands in the central and southern Pacific Ocean,where surfing originated as a traditional activity.o Sentence: The surfing we know today originated in the Polynesian islands ofthe Pacific Ocean, where wave-riding was a significant part of local culture. 2. Hawaiiano Definition: Relating to the Hawaiian Islands (a group of islands in the PacificOcean) or the people, culture, or language of Hawaii.o Sentence: Hawaiian surf culture was highly systematic—every part of surfingwas governed by strict kapu rules. 3. kapuo Definition: A traditional Hawaiian system of taboos or prohibitions thatregulated social behavior, religious practices, and daily activities (includingsurfing).o Sentence: In ancient Hawaii, certain surf spots were kapu to common peopleand reserved exclusively for nobles. 4. priesto Definition: A religious leader in ancient Hawaiian culture who performedrituals (e.g., praying for safe surfing or blessing surfboard materials).o Sentence: Hawaiian surfers would ask a priest to pray for favorable wavesbefore they went out to ride the ocean. 5. nobleo Definition: A person of high social rank or status in ancient Hawaiian society,who had exclusive access to some privileges (like special surf spots).o Sentence: Only nobles were allowed to use the long olo surfboards, whichwere twice the size of modern longboards. 6. olo boardo Definition: A traditional Hawaiian surfboard—long, large, and exclusivelyused by chiefs (nobles)—without a fin, requiring hand/foot movements tosteer.o Sentence: Unlike common surfboards, the olo board was a symbol of status;only Hawaiian chiefs could ride it. 7. alaia board o Definition: A traditional Hawaiian surfboard that is thin, medium-sized, andsimilar to modern shortboards, used by many ordinary Hawaiian surfers.o Sentence: Most Hawaiian people preferred the alaia board for surfingbecause its thin design made it easier to maneuver on waves. 8. pipo boardo Definition: A small, round-nosed traditional Hawaiian surfboard, often usedby surfers who lay prone (on their stomachs) while riding.o Sentence: Children in ancient Hawaii often learned to surf on a pipo boarddue to its small size and stability. 9. fino Definition: A small, fin-shaped part attached to the bottom of modernsurfboards to help with balance and steering (absent from traditionalHawaiian surfboards).o Sentence: Traditional Hawaiian surfboards had no fin, so surfers had to usetheir hands and feet to turn on the waves. 10. missionaryo Definition: A person sent by a Christian church to a foreign country to spreadreligious beliefs—many American missionaries in Hawaii opposed surfing as&quot;sinful.&quot;o Sentence: In the 19th century, American Christian missionaries criticizedsurfing, calling it a immoral activity that went against their religious views. 11. colonizero Definition: A person from a foreign country who settles in and takes controlof another region (e.g., American colonizers in Hawaii who used surfing fortheir own purposes).o Sentence: After Hawaii’s monarchy was overthrown, American colonizerssoon took advantage of the surfing revival to promote tourism. 12. monarchyo Definition: A form of government ruled by a king or queen—Hawaii’s nativemonarchy was overthrown by white settlers in 1893.o Sentence: The end of Hawaii’s native monarchy in 1893 coincided with thelocal revival of surfing. 13. annexo Definition: To take control of a territory and add it to a country—Hawaii wasannexed by the United States five years after its monarchy fell.o Sentence: The United States annexed Hawaii in 1898, ending the islands’independence. 14. revivalo Definition: A renewed interest in or practice of a tradition (like surfing inHawaii after it faced decline).o Sentence: The revival of Hawaiian surfing in the late 19th century laid thefoundation for the sport’s global popularity. 15. advocateo Definition: A person who supports and promotes a particular activity orcause—Alexander Hume Ford became an advocate for surfing after learningit in Hawaii.o Sentence: Alexander Hume Ford was a strong advocate for surfing; heworked with writers and filmmakers to spread awareness of the sport. 16. demographico Definition: Relating to the structure of a population (e.g., race, age)—Ford’splan aimed to change Hawaii’s demographic by attracting white Americanresidents.o Sentence: Ford worried about Hawaii’s non-white demographic (made up ofNative Hawaiians and Asian laborers) and wanted to increase the number ofwhite residents. 17. laborero Definition: A person who does physical work for a living—many Asianlaborers lived in Hawaii during the 19th century, part of the non-whitemajority.o Sentence: The non-white majority in Hawaii included both Native Hawaiiansand Asian laborers who worked on local plantations. 18. industryo Definition: A large-scale economic activity involving the production or sale ofgoods/services—surfing has grown into a multi-billion-dollar global industry.o Sentence: Today, surfing is a multi-billion-dollar global industry with tens ofmillions of fans around the world. 19. ritualo Definition: A formal ceremony or series of actions performed for religious orcultural reasons (e.g., Hawaiian rituals for surfboard-making or wave-blessing).o Sentence: Most modern surfers are unaware of the ancient Hawaiian rituals,such as sacrificing trees for surfboard materials or thanking gods aftersurviving a surf session. 20. heritage o Definition: The traditions, customs, and history of a group ofpeople—Hawaiians still preserve their surfing heritage despite the sport’sglobal commercialization.o Sentence: Even though surfing has become popular worldwide, Hawaiianscontinue to protect their unique surfing heritage that almost disappearedover time.

2025-12-23 困难

What is entropy?

1. Entropyo Definition: A measure of the spread of energy in a system; it also reflectsthe number of possible microstates (energy distributions) of a system, withhigher entropy meaning more dispersed energy.o Sentence: The video explains that entropy increases when energy spreadsout, like when ice melts into water. 2. Microstateo Definition: A specific way that energy can be distributed among the particles(or bonds) of a system while keeping the total energy constant.o Sentence: For six quanta in solid A and two in solid B, there are 9,702microstates, each representing a unique energy arrangement. 3. Quantao Definition: Indivisible, discrete units of energy (plural of &quot;quantum&quot;); afundamental concept in quantum physics.o Sentence: The model in the video describes energy as being stored in bondsas quanta, which cannot be split into smaller parts. 4. Configurationo Definition: A particular arrangement or distribution of components (e.g.,energy, particles) in a system.o Sentence: Some energy configurations are more likely than others becausethey have a greater number of microstates. 5. Probabilityo Definition: The likelihood that a particular event (or in this case, an energyconfiguration) will occur, based on the number of possible outcomes.o Sentence: The probability of the system being in a high-entropy state ishigher because there are more microstates for that configuration. 6. Dynamic systemo Definition: A system where components (e.g., energy, particles) change ormove over time, rather than remaining static.o Sentence: To understand real-world entropy, we need to study dynamicsystems where energy continuously moves between bonds. 7. Concentratedo Definition: Gathered or focused in a small area or a limited number of components; the opposite of &quot;dispersed.&quot;o Sentence: Low entropy means energy is concentrated in one part of thesystem, like all energy being in solid A and none in solid B. 8. Dispersedo Definition: Spread out or distributed widely across multiple components of asystem; the opposite of &quot;concentrated.&quot;o Sentence: Ice melts because liquid water has more dispersed energy thansolid ice, leading to higher entropy. 9. Hypotheticalo Definition: Based on a hypothesis or assumption; not real or observed, butused for testing or explanation.o Sentence: The video first uses hypothetical solids with six bonds each tosimplify the explanation of entropy. 10. Scale upo Definition: To increase the size, quantity, or complexity of something (e.g., amodel) to match real-world conditions.o Sentence: To reflect real objects, the video scales up the hypothetical solidsto 6,000 bonds and 8,000 energy units. 11. Notoriouslyo Definition: In a way that is widely known for being difficult, problematic, ornegative.o Sentence: Entropy is notoriously difficult to understand because its&quot;disorder&quot; description can be misleading. 12. Misleadingo Definition: Giving the wrong idea or impression; causing someone tomisunderstand a concept.o Sentence: Describing entropy as &quot;disorder&quot; is misleading—crushed iceseems more disordered than water but has lower entropy. 13. Crucialo Definition: Extremely important or essential for something to work or makesense.o Sentence: Entropy is a crucial concept in chemistry and physics because itexplains why processes like ice melting happen in one direction. 14. Indivisibleo Definition: Unable to be divided or split into smaller parts.o Sentence: Quanta are indivisible units of energy, so they cannot be broken down further in the video’s model. 15. Neighboringo Definition: Located next to or close to something else (e.g., bonds, particlesin a solid).o Sentence: In a dynamic system, energy continuously moves betweenneighboring bonds, changing the system’s configuration. 16. Absurdlyo Definition: In a way that is extremely unreasonable, silly, or unlikely tohappen.o Sentence: The chance of a hot object getting hotter in real life is absurdlysmall because real systems have trillions of particles. 17. Mysterious forceo Definition: An unknown or unexplained power that is thought to cause aphenomenon (though the video argues no such force exists for entropy).o Sentence: There is no mysterious force pushing systems toward higherentropy—energy spreads out simply because more microstates exist fordispersed energy. 18. Time’s arrowo Definition: A metaphor for the one-way direction of time, which aligns withthe tendency of entropy to increase (processes don’t reversespontaneously).o Sentence: Entropy is called time’s arrow because it explains why time movesforward—energy spreads out and never spontaneously concentrates again. 19. Spontaneouslyo Definition: Happening naturally or on its own without external force orintervention.o Sentence: A cold object never warms up spontaneously because that wouldrequire energy to concentrate, lowering entropy. 20. Puncturedo Definition: Having a small hole made in something, allowing contents (e.g.,air) to escape.o Sentence: The video asks why air leaks out of a punctured tire—thishappens because air spreads out to fill more space, increasing entropy.

2025-12-23 困难

What is schizophrenia?

1. Schizophreniao Simple Meaning: A long-term mental health issue that messes with howsomeone thinks, sees things, feels, and talks to others.o Sentence: The video says schizophrenia was first noticed over 100 years ago,but we still don’t know exactly what causes it. 2. Syndromeo Simple Meaning: A set of symptoms that often happen together, describinga specific health problem (it can have more than one cause).o Sentence: Schizophrenia is called a syndrome because it includes differentrelated health issues with similar symptoms but different reasons behindthem.3. Stigmao Simple Meaning: Unfair negative opinions people have about someone witha health problem (it makes the person feel ashamed).o Sentence: The stigma around schizophrenia often stops people from gettinghelp when they need it. 4. Psychosiso Simple Meaning: A serious mental state where someone loses touch withreality—like seeing things that aren’t there or believing things that aren’ttrue.o Sentence: Most people with schizophrenia get diagnosed after their firstepisode of psychosis, which usually happens when they’re young adults. 5. Delusiono Simple Meaning: A false belief someone holds onto, even when there’sproof it’s not true (like thinking others are plotting against them).o Sentence: During a psychotic episode, one common sign is a delusion—forexample, a person might firmly believe someone is following them for noreason.6. Hallucinationo Simple Meaning: Something a person sees, hears, or feels that isn’t real (likehearing voices no one else can hear).o Sentence: Hearing voices that aren’t there (a type of hallucination) is acommon problem for people with schizophrenia. 7. Positive Symptoms o Simple Meaning: New problems that people with schizophrenia have (likehallucinations) that most people don’t experience.o Sentence: Medicines for schizophrenia often work well to reduce positivesymptoms, such as talking in a confused way. 8. Negative Symptomso Simple Meaning: Losing normal habits that people with schizophrenia have(like not feeling like doing things or not talking much).o Sentence: Some medicines for schizophrenia can make negative symptomsworse—like making a person even less likely to hang out with others. 9. Cognitive Symptomso Simple Meaning: Problems with thinking skills (like focusing, rememberingthings, or making choices) that get in the way of daily life.o Sentence: Cognitive symptoms—such as struggling to pay attention—canmake it hard for people with schizophrenia to keep a job. 10. Genetic Risk Factorso Simple Meaning: Traits passed down from family (like genes) that makesomeone more likely to get a certain health problem.o Sentence: The video says genetic risk factors matter for schizophrenia—ifyour twin has it, you have a 40% chance of having it too. 11. Environmental Risk Factorso Simple Meaning: Things around a person (like getting a virus as a baby orusing certain drugs) that make them more likely to get a health problem.o Sentence: Environmental risk factors—like catching a virus when you’re veryyoung—may increase the chance of getting schizophrenia if your familyalready has a history of it. 12. Antipsychotic Drugso Simple Meaning: Medicines used to treat serious mental health issues (likeschizophrenia) that help reduce symptoms like hallucinations.o Sentence: Newer antipsychotic drugs are made to treat more symptoms ofschizophrenia than older ones. 13. Neurotransmitterso Simple Meaning: Chemicals in the brain that send messages between braincells (they control things like mood and thinking).o Sentence: Too much of a brain chemical called dopamine can cause somesymptoms of schizophrenia. 14. Dopamine o Simple Meaning: A chemical in the brain that helps control motivation,mood, and how we feel pleasure.o Sentence: The video explains that too much dopamine in some parts of thebrain causes hallucinations, while too little in others makes people feelunmotivated. 15. Serotonino Simple Meaning: A chemical in the brain that helps control mood, sleep, andappetite.o Sentence: Newer antipsychotic drugs target serotonin (along withdopamine) to help treat more symptoms of schizophrenia. 16. Neural Atrophyo Simple Meaning: Loss or shrinking of brain tissue (cells or connections in thebrain) that can affect how the brain works.o Sentence: Doctors aren’t sure if brain tissue loss (neural atrophy) in peoplewith schizophrenia is caused by the disorder itself or by the medicines usedto treat it. 17. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)o Simple Meaning: A type of talk therapy that helps people change negativethoughts and behaviors (used with medicine for schizophrenia).o Sentence: Antipsychotic drugs work better when combined with CBT—thistherapy helps people with schizophrenia handle their thoughts better. 18. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)o Simple Meaning: A medical treatment for serious mental health issues(when other treatments don’t work) that uses mild electric currents to helpreduce symptoms.o Sentence: ECT can help people with schizophrenia feel better for a shorttime, especially when medicines don’t work. 19. Early Interventiono Simple Meaning: Finding and treating a health problem as soon as possibleto stop it from getting worse.o Sentence: Early intervention is very important for schizophrenia—waitingmonths or years to treat it can make symptoms harder to manage. 20. Neurotransmitter Systemso Simple Meaning: Groups of brain cells that use specific chemicals (likedopamine) to send messages (they control different brain jobs).o Sentence: No single group of brain cells (neurotransmitter system) causes allsymptoms of schizophrenia—the brain needs many groups working together.

2025-12-23 困难

If you're afraid of snakes, please read this.

1. intrepido Definition: Fearless and adventurous; willing to take risks.o Sentence from the video: &quot;and with your very own intrepid guide&quot;o Extended Example: The intrepid explorer led the team through theuncharted jungle to study rare wildlife. 2. viperso Definition: A type of venomous snake with long, hollow fangs that fold backwhen not in use; belonging to the family Viperidae.o Sentence from the video: &quot;all the snakes we&#39;ll be visiting belong to a groupcalled the vipers&quot;o Extended Example: Vipers are often found in temperate and tropicalregions, where they hunt small mammals and birds. 3. viviparityo Definition: The biological characteristic of giving birth to live young (ratherthan laying eggs), with the embryos developing inside the mother’s body.o Sentence from the video: &quot;The name comes from the term viviparity, whichmeans giving birth to live young&quot;o Extended Example: Viviparity is common in mammals, but some reptiles likevipers also exhibit this trait. 4. venomouso Definition: Capable of producing venom (a toxic substance) and injecting itinto other organisms, usually through fangs or stingers.o Sentence from the video: &quot;yet vipers are also often highly venomous&quot;o Extended Example: Unlike non-venomous snakes that constrict their prey,venomous snakes use their toxin to quickly disable animals. 5. hollowo Definition: Having an empty space inside; not solid.o Sentence from the video: &quot;with two hollow fangs that fold flat to the roofsof their mouths&quot;o Extended Example: The bird built its nest in a hollow tree trunk to protectits eggs from predators. 6. imposing o Definition: Having a grand, impressive, or slightly intimidating appearance.o Sentence from the video: &quot;unfolding into imposing weapons when the viperprepares to strike&quot;o Extended Example: The imposing mountain range stood tall in the distance,making travelers feel small in comparison. 7. camouflagedo Definition: Having colors, patterns, or shapes that blend in with thesurrounding environment, making something hard to see.o Sentence from the video: &quot;the spider tailed horned viper is perfectlycamouflaged&quot;o Extended Example: The soldier’s camouflaged uniform helped him hide inthe forest during the training exercise. 8. bulbouso Definition: Having a round, swollen, or rounded shape, like a bulb.o Sentence from the video: &quot;except for its unique bulbous tailtip with long,drooping scales&quot;o Extended Example: The plant’s bulbous roots store water, allowing it tosurvive in dry conditions. 9. droopingo Definition: Hanging down loosely, often because of weight or lack ofsupport.o Sentence from the video: &quot;except for its unique bulbous tailtip with long,drooping scales that look like a leggy spider&quot;o Extended Example: The drooping flowers perked up after we watered them,as they had been thirsty for days. 10. elusiveo Definition: Difficult to find, catch, or achieve; hard to pin down.o Sentence from the video: &quot;it&#39;s one of the most elusive snakes in the world&quot;o Extended Example: The elusive snow leopard is rarely seen in the wild, evenby experienced wildlife photographers. 11. pit vipero Definition: A type of viper that has small, heat-sensing pits (organs) on itsface, used to detect warm-blooded prey.o Sentence from the video: &quot;the bushmaster is a pit viper between each eyeand nostril&quot;o Extended Example: Pit vipers, such as rattlesnakes, can hunt effectively at night thanks to their heat-sensing pits. 12. receptorso Definition: Specialized cells or structures that detect and respond to specificstimuli (e.g., light, temperature, chemicals) in the environment.o Sentence from the video: &quot;with a membrane covered in highly sensitivereceptors that respond to temperature changes&quot;o Extended Example: The skin has receptors that allow us to feel touch, pain,and changes in temperature. 13. infraredo Definition: Relating to or using electromagnetic radiation with wavelengthslonger than visible light (invisible to the human eye), often associated withheat.o Sentence from the video: &quot;these pits gather infrared information that isintegrated with visual information&quot;o Extended Example: Night-vision goggles use infrared technology to letpeople see in the dark by detecting heat from objects. 14. optic tectumo Definition: A part of the brain (in vertebrates) involved in processing visualinformation and coordinating responses to visual stimuli.o Sentence from the video: &quot;that is integrated with visual information in theoptic tectum&quot;o Extended Example: The optic tectum helps animals like snakes react quicklyto moving prey by combining visual and sensory data. 15. chunkiero Definition: Thicker, broader, or more solid in shape; having a heavy, stockybuild.o Sentence from the video: &quot;there&#39;s a shorter chunkier viper that&#39;s even morevenomous than the bushmaster&quot;o Extended Example: The chunkier laptop is heavier but has a longer batterylife than the slim, lightweight model. 16. placido Definition: Calm, peaceful, and not easily upset or agitated.o Sentence from the video: &quot;although deadly baboon vipers have a reputationfor being slow-moving and placid creatures&quot;o Extended Example: The placid lake reflected the blue sky perfectly, with nowaves disturbing its surface. 17. rodento Definition: A small mammal with sharp front teeth (incisors) that growcontinuously, such as mice, rats, squirrels, or rabbits.o Sentence from the video: &quot;when they do strike, they hold on to their rodentprey while the venom takes effect&quot;o Extended Example: Farmers often use traps to keep rodents away fromtheir crops, as the animals can eat or damage the plants. 18. evadeo Definition: To escape or avoid something (e.g., danger, capture, a question)by being quick or clever.o Sentence from the video: &quot;rodents like our little desert kangaroo rat havetheir own skills to evade the serpent&#39;s tooth&quot;o Extended Example: The hiker tried to evade the storm by finding shelter in asmall cave before the rain started. 19. acrobatico Definition: Relating to or involving skilled, graceful movements (like those ofan acrobat), often requiring balance and agility.o Sentence from the video: &quot;evade their strikes with acrobatic leaps andpowerful kicks&quot;o Extended Example: The acrobatic dolphins jumped and flipped in the water,entertaining the crowd at the aquarium. 20. predatorso Definition: Animals that hunt, kill, and eat other animals (prey) for food.o Sentence from the video: &quot;rattlesnakes can shake their rattles up to ninetytimes per second to warn off predators&quot;o Extended Example: Lions and tigers are top predators in their ecosystems,meaning no other animals hunt them for food.

2025-12-23 困难

Game theory of life and death: Wizard confrontation

1. Duelo Definition: A formal fight between two people, especially with weapons, tosettle a dispute.o Sentence: In the magic duel, the champion from each school takes turnscasting spells until only one remains. 2. Wando Definition: A thin stick used by magicians, witches, or wizards to performmagic spells.o Sentence: The witch from Leiden School waves her wand to turn enemiesinto statues, and it works 90% of the time. 3. Incantationo Definition: A series of words spoken as a magic spell or charm.o Sentence: Though the video doesn’t name it, the wizard’s incantation toturn people into fish has a 70% success rate. 4. Championo Definition: A person who competes or fights on behalf of a group, cause, orplace.o Sentence: You are chosen as the champion of your magic house to competein the deadly duel against two rival schools. 5. Rivalo Definition: A person, group, or organization competing against others forthe same goal or title.o Sentence: The two rival magic schools sent their strongest wizards andwitches to the duel. 6. Strategyo Definition: A plan of action designed to achieve a long-term or overall goal.o Sentence: To win the duel, you need to develop a strategy that maximizesyour chances against strategic opponents. 7. Probabilityo Definition: The likelihood of something happening, expressed as a numberbetween 0 and 1 (or a percentage).o Sentence: The probability of the Gaussian wand turning a target into a treeis 80%. 8. Eliminateo Definition: To remove or get rid of someone or something, especially from acompetition or situation.o Sentence: The first step in your strategy might be to eliminate the mostdangerous opponent—the Leiden witch. 9. Qualifyo Definition: To be officially allowed to take part in a competition or activity;(here) to remain in the duel.o Sentence: Anyone who casts a spell out of turn is immediately disqualifiedand loses the right to qualify in the duel. 10. Stalemateo Definition: A situation where neither side in a competition or conflict canmake progress or win.o Sentence: To prevent a stalemate, the rules state everyone will turn intocats if all three remain standing after the first round. 11. Lethalo Definition: Capable of causing death; very dangerous.o Sentence: The duel is lethal—only one person can survive, and others will beturned into fish, statues, or cats. 12. Cast (a spell)o Definition: To say or perform the words and actions needed to make amagic spell work.o Sentence: The NEA 9000 wand can cast a spell that banishes targets to adistant mountain top with 100% success. 13. Banisho Definition: To send someone or something away, especially by magic, sothey can no longer be present.o Sentence: The NEA 9000’s spell banishes targets to a far mountain, makingthem unable to continue the duel. 14. Tacticso Definition: The methods or actions used to achieve a particular short-termgoal within a larger strategy.o Sentence: One clever tactic is to intentionally miss with the Gaussian wandto avoid becoming the enemy’s target. 15. Vulnerableo Definition: Likely to be harmed or attacked because of a lack of protection. o Sentence: If you use the NEA 9000, you become vulnerable—both rivals willtarget the most dangerous wizard (you). 16. Optimalo Definition: Best or most favorable for a particular purpose.o Sentence: Choosing the weakest wand (Banker) and missing on purposeturns out to be the optimal strategy for winning. 17. Outcomeo Definition: The way a thing turns out; a result.o Sentence: You need to predict each possible outcome of your spell choicesto pick the best wand. 18. Intentionallyo Definition: Done on purpose; with deliberate intent.o Sentence: You might intentionally miss your first spell to let the Newton-Itzwizard attack the Leiden witch first. 19. Surviveo Definition: To continue to live or exist, especially in difficult or dangerousconditions.o Sentence: The goal of the duel is to survive—only the last remaining personwins.20. Gambleo Definition: To take a risky action in the hope of achieving a desired result.o Sentence: Using the Banker wand is a gamble, but it gives you a 60% chanceto survive against either remaining opponent.

2025-12-14 困难

The most mind-bending logic puzzle in history: The Mystery of the Three Gods

1. logiciano Definition: A person who studies or is skilled in logic (the science ofreasoning).o Sentence: The riddle was created by a renowned logician who specialized indesigning complex reasoning puzzles. 2. popularizedo Definition: To make something become widely known, liked, or used bymany people.o Sentence: The &quot;three gods riddle&quot; was popularized by George Oulos after hiscolleague first invented it. 3. riddleo Definition: A difficult question or problem that requires clever thinking tosolve, often with a surprising answer.o Sentence: The video explains how to solve one of the most challengingriddles in the field of logic. 4. appeaseo Definition: To make someone calm or satisfied by doing what they want.o Sentence: The only way to leave the planet was to appease the three alienoverlords with the correct artifacts. 5. overlordso Definition: People or beings who have complete power and control overothers; rulers.o Sentence: The three alien overlords—T, F, and R—held the key to the team’sescape from the ancient planet. 6. artifactso Definition: Objects made or used by humans (or in this context, aliens) thathave cultural or practical value.o Sentence: The team needed to give the right artifacts to each overlord togain permission to leave. 7. inscriptiono Definition: Words that are written or carved on a surface (such as a stone,wall, or document).o Sentence: An inscription on the ancient wall told the team they could ask three yes-or-no questions. 8. decipheredo Definition: To figure out the meaning of something that is difficult tounderstand (such as a language, code, or text).o Sentence: The team deciphered the alien language just enough to askquestions, but not to understand &quot;oo&quot; and &quot;ulu&quot;. 9. hypotheticalo Definition: Based on a situation that is imagined or suggested, not real oractual.o Sentence: The key strategy was to ask questions with hypotheticalconditions to avoid confusion from lies. 10. embeddedo Definition: Included or placed inside something else, especially in a way thatis not obvious.o Sentence: The question &quot;If I asked you whether two plus two is four, wouldyou say oo?&quot; contains an embedded question about math. 11. logical structureo Definition: The way ideas or statements are organized to follow the rules oflogic (clear reasoning).o Sentence: The solution works because of its logical structure—doublepositives and double negatives both lead to a positive result. 12. double positiveo Definition: A situation in logic where two positive statements (or truths)combine to confirm a positive conclusion.o Sentence: When asking T a hypothetical question, a double positive ensuresthe answer reflects the truth. 13. double negativeo Definition: A situation in logic where two negative statements (or lies)combine to confirm a positive conclusion.o Sentence: When asking F a hypothetical question, a double negative cancelsout the lie and reveals the truth. 14. yieldo Definition: To produce or provide something (such as an answer, result, orinformation).o Sentence: Asking T or F a properly structured question will yield &quot;oo&quot; if thehypothetical statement is true. 15. meaninglesso Definition: Having no clear meaning or purpose; not useful or important.o Sentence: If the first question is asked to R, the answer is meaninglessbecause R responds randomly. 16. eliminationo Definition: The process of removing or ruling out options until only oneremains.o Sentence: Once we identify T or F, we can use elimination to figure out whoR and the third overlord are. 17. satisfiedo Definition: Feeling happy or content because one’s needs or desires havebeen met.o Sentence: The satisfied overlords helped the team repair their ship afterreceiving the correct artifacts. 18. takeoffo Definition: The moment when an aircraft leaves the ground and starts to fly.o Sentence: After solving the riddle, the team prepared for takeoff to returnto their home planet. 19. randomo Definition: Happening or chosen without a particular pattern, reason, orplan.o Sentence: R’s answers are random—there’s no way to predict whether theywill be &quot;oo&quot; or &quot;ulu&quot;.20. hypothetical questiono Definition: A question that asks about an imagined situation (not a real orcurrent one) to test reasoning.o Sentence: Every question in the solution is a hypothetical question to avoidconfusion from lies and unknown vocabulary.

2025-12-14 困难

Why did the Megalodon become extinct?

1. Fossilizedo Part of speech: Adjectiveo Simple definition: Turned into a hard, stone-like fossil over millions of years.o Sentence: Fossilized Megalodon teeth are often found on beaches—they’retough enough to last millions of years. 2. Shallowo Part of speech: Adjectiveo Simple definition: Not deep (used for water near the coast).o Sentence: Megalodon often hunted in shallow ocean waters, where manysmall fish and whales lived. 3. Thriveo Part of speech: Verbo Simple definition: To grow well and stay healthy in a good environment.o Sentence: When the ocean was warm, Megalodon thrived because therewas lots of food for it to eat. 4. Vulnerableo Part of speech: Adjectiveo Simple definition: Easy to be hurt or harmed by something.o Sentence: As the ocean got colder, Megalodon became vulnerable—its bodycouldn’t adjust to the new temperature. 5. Disrupto Part of speech: Verbo Simple definition: To stop something from working or happening normally.o Sentence: The drop in sea levels disrupted Megalodon’s home—many of theareas it lived in dried up. 6. Abundanto Part of speech: Adjectiveo Simple definition: Existing in large amounts (more than enough).o Sentence: The ancient ocean had abundant food for Megalodon, like bigwhales and sea lions. 7. Scatteredo Part of speech: Adjectiveo Simple definition: Spread out in different places (not close together).o Sentence: Megalodon’s fossils are scattered around the world—you mightfind one in Japan and another in Brazil. 8. Preservedo Part of speech: Adjectiveo Simple definition: Kept in good condition for a long time (not broken ordecayed).o Sentence: A preserved Megalodon jawbone in a museum helps people seehow big the shark’s mouth was. 9. Adapto Part of speech: Verbo Simple definition: To change your habits or body to live better in a newenvironment.o Sentence: Unlike small sharks, Megalodon couldn’t adapt to the cold ocean,so it started to die out. 10. Pressureo Part of speech: Nouno Simple definition: Stress or difficulty that makes it hard to survive.o Sentence: Great white sharks put pressure on Megalodon—they ate thesame fish, leaving less food for the giant shark. 11. Recoveryo Part of speech: Nouno Simple definition: The process of getting better or returning to a normalstate.o Sentence: After Megalodon went extinct, some ocean animals began theirrecovery—their numbers slowly grew again. 12. Threato Part of speech: Nouno Simple definition: Something that can hurt or kill an animal or person.o Sentence: For small sea creatures, Megalodon was a huge threat—they hadno way to escape its big jaws. 13. Decline o Part of speech: Verbo Simple definition: To become fewer or weaker over time.o Sentence: Megalodon’s population started to decline when the ocean’stemperature changed too quickly. 14. Remainso Part of speech: Nouno Simple definition: Parts of an animal or plant that are left after it dies (likebones or teeth).o Sentence: Scientists study Megalodon’s remains to learn how the shark livedand died.15. Surviveo Part of speech: Verbo Simple definition: To stay alive, especially when conditions are hard.o Sentence: Megalodon couldn’t survive the cold ocean—its body neededwarm water to work. 16. Impacto Part of speech: Nouno Simple definition: The effect that one thing has on another.o Sentence: Megalodon’s extinction had a big impact on the ocean—otheranimals had more space to live. 17. Rareo Part of speech: Adjectiveo Simple definition: Not common (hard to find).o Sentence: A complete Megalodon skeleton is rare—most fossils are justsingle teeth. 18. Sustaino Part of speech: Verbo Simple definition: To keep something alive or going for a long time.o Sentence: The warm ocean could sustain Megalodon because it had enoughfood and space. 19. Shifto Part of speech: Nouno Simple definition: A change in something (like temperature or location). o Sentence: The shift in ocean currents made Megalodon’s food moveaway—so the shark had nothing to eat. 20. Extincto Part of speech: Adjectiveo Simple definition: No longer existing (all of the animals or plants are dead).o Sentence: Megalodon became extinct millions of years ago—there are nomore of these giant sharks left.

2025-12-14 困难